{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:43:56Z","timestamp":1793277836262,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61925106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61925106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009592","name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Adminitrative Commission of Zhongguancun Science Park","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024030119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024030119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","sleephealthjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sleep Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T19:31:51Z","timestamp":1753817511000},"page":"859-867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Deep learning-based automated diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea and sleep stage classification in children using millimeter-wave radar and pulse oximeter"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0012-6119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8064-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruobing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9046-7090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunxiao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3996-5307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3413-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3287-7512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoxi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9755-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2753-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhifei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101871","article-title":"Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) among preschool aged children in the general population: a systematic review","volume":"73","author":"Magnusdottir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202310-1857ST","article-title":"Management of persistent, post-adenotonsillectomy obstructive sleep apnea in children: an official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"209","author":"Ehsan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101663","article-title":"Blood pressure and childhood obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Ai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10266","article-title":"Impact of adenotonsillectomy on growth trajectories in preschool children with mild-moderate obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"19","author":"Kevat","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-023-01257-w","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with the impairment of beta-cell response to glucose in children and adolescents with obesity","volume":"47","author":"Umano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"164","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0256-2021","article-title":"Bidirectional relationships of comorbidity with obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"31","author":"Gleeson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101629","article-title":"Neurocognitive outcomes of children with sleep disordered breathing: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Menzies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S484458","article-title":"Impaired attention in children with obstructive sleep apnea: a preliminary study of behavior combined with neuroelectrophysiology","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.11.028","article-title":"The effects of sleep disordered breathing on sleep spindle activity in children and the relationship with sleep, behavior and neurocognition","volume":"101","author":"Shetty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae107","article-title":"Australasian Sleep Association 2024 guidelines for sleep studies in adults","volume":"47","author":"Ellender","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.20304","article-title":"Screening for obstructive sleep apnea in adults: US preventive services task force recommendation statement","volume":"328","author":"US Preventive Services Task Force","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200422","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00422-2022","article-title":"ERS technical standards for using type III devices (limited channel studies) in the diagnosis of sleep disordered breathing in adults and children","volume":"61","author":"Riha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib13","first-page":"35","article-title":"Assessment of obstructive sleep apnoea in children: what are the challenges we face?","volume":"53","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2025","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9138","article-title":"Screening for obstructive sleep apnea using a contact-free system compared with polysomnography","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7177","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197177","article-title":"Automated detection of sleep apnea-hypopnea events based on 60 GHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar using convolutional recurrent neural networks: a preliminary report of a prospective cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae184","article-title":"A novel deep learning model for obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis: hybrid CNN-Transformer approach for radar-based detection of apnea-hypopnea events","volume":"47","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14050","article-title":"Developing a deep learning model for sleep stage prediction in obstructive sleep apnea cohort using 60 GHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2023.01.001","article-title":"Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea using a bio-radar contact-free system compared with an established HST device in older adults","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7665","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187665","article-title":"Ultra-wideband radar for simultaneous and unobtrusive monitoring of respiratory and heart rates in early childhood: a deep transfer learning approach","volume":"23","author":"Arasteh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16585","article-title":"Development of a non-contact 15-second paediatric respiratory rate monitor using microwave radar and its clinical application","volume":"112","author":"Katoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072412","article-title":"Radar recorded child vital sign public dataset and deep learning-based age group classification framework for vehicular application","volume":"21","author":"Yoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2022.3225363","article-title":"SleepPPG-Net: a deep learning algorithm for robust sleep staging from continuous photoplethysmography","volume":"27","author":"Kotzen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2023-326191","article-title":"Role of overnight oximetry in assessing the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea in typically developing children: a multicentre study","volume":"109","author":"Selby","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101355","article-title":"Diagnostic meta-analysis of the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire, OSA-18, and pulse oximetry in detecting pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14214","article-title":"Sleep studies in obese children with obstructive sleep apnea: pulse oximetry as a diagnostic tool","volume":"33","author":"Gowai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib26","unstructured":"Berry R.B., Quan S.F., Abreu A.R., et al. The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications. Version 2.6. American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Working Group of Chinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Childhood OSA, Subspecialty Group of Pediatrics, Society of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese Medical Association, Subspecialty Group of Respiratory Diseases, Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association et al. Chinese guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of childhood obstructive sleep apnea (2020). Pediatr Investig. 2021;5(03):167-187. doi:10.1002\/ped4.12284.","DOI":"10.1002\/ped4.12284"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eric C. Eichenwald, COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN, Kristi L. Watterberg, et al. Apnea of Prematurity. Pediatrics January 2016; 137 (1): e20153757. 10.1542\/peds.2015-3757.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3757"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1983.56.1.275","article-title":"Rate and distribution of body movements during sleep in humans","volume":"56","author":"Wilde-Frenz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.2.460","article-title":"Effects of sleep stage and age on short-term heart rate variability during sleep in healthy infants and children","volume":"117","author":"Villa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib31","unstructured":"Bochkovskiy A., Wang C.Y., Liao H.Y.M. Yolov4: optimal speed and accuracy of object detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.10934, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2004.10934."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang CY, Bochkovskiy A, Liao HYM. YOLOv7: trainable bag-of-freebies sets new state-of-the-art for real-time object detectors. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2023:7464-7475. doi: 10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00721.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00721"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib33","first-page":"346","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"16","author":"Koo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S486261","article-title":"Utilizing a wireless radar framework in combination with deep learning approaches to evaluate obstructive sleep apnea severity in home-setting environments","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-024-03057-6","article-title":"Validation of the Sleepiz One\u2009+\u2009as a radar-based sensor for contactless diagnosis of sleep apnea","volume":"28","author":"Gross-Isselmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.06.028","article-title":"Contactless sleep monitoring using the Sonomat in children with Down syndrome","volume":"109","author":"Collaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.12.013","article-title":"Combining static and dynamic functional connectivity analyses to identify male patients with obstructive sleep apnea and predict clinical symptoms","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13121019","article-title":"Advancements in wearable EEG technology for improved home-based sleep monitoring and assessment: a review","volume":"13","author":"Mohamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.03.022","article-title":"Radar-based sleep stage classification in children undergoing polysomnography: a pilot-study","volume":"82","author":"de Goederen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13900","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3068798","article-title":"WiFi-sleep: sleep stage monitoring using commodity Wi-Fi devices","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"}],"container-title":["Sleep Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352721825001330?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352721825001330?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T07:46:54Z","timestamp":1780386414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352721825001330"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S2352721825001330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-7218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-7218","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Deep learning-based automated diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea and sleep stage classification in children using millimeter-wave radar and pulse oximeter","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sleep Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleh.2025.06.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 National Sleep Foundation. Published by ELSEVIER INC. on behalf of National Sleep Foundation. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}