{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T01:34:54Z","timestamp":1794533694578,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":215,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/05714\\u20133 2020\/16030\\u20130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/05714\\u20133 2020\/16030\\u20130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T11:49:59Z","timestamp":1777290599000},"page":"102027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Macronutrient availability and immune cell responses"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Paulo","family":"Estev\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana J\u00falia Estumano","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Moraes-Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib1","volume":"152","author":"Writing Committee Members*","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3912","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae178","article-title":"ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension","volume":"45","author":"McEvoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart Jl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2023.02.001","article-title":"American association of clinical endocrinology consensus statement: comprehensive type 2 Diabetes Management Algorithm \u2013 2023 Update","volume":"29","author":"Samson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endoc. Pr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae646","article-title":"Navigating the spectrum of 4 evidence-based nutrition options for type 2 diabetes management","volume":"110","author":"Baskin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.08.045","article-title":"AGA clinical practice guideline on pharmacological interventions for adults with obesity","volume":"163","author":"Grunvald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.04.031","article-title":"EASL\u2013EASD\u2013EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)","volume":"81","author":"Tacke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.716783","article-title":"Dietary interventions in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Houttu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2024.01.005","article-title":"Standards for the care of people with cystic fibrosis (CF); recognising and addressing CF health issues","volume":"23","author":"Burgel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cyst. Fibros."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2020.03.015","article-title":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: 2020 Cystic Fibrosis Evidence Analysis Center Evidence-Based Nutrition Practice Guideline","volume":"121","author":"McDonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.11.303","article-title":"AGA clinical practice update on diet and nutritional therapies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: expert review","volume":"166","author":"Hashash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.12.004","article-title":"ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"42","author":"Bischoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib12","first-page":"s1","article-title":"British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on inflammatory bowel disease in adults","volume":"74","author":"Moran","year":"2025","journal-title":"2025. Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.07.015","article-title":"ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients","volume":"36","author":"Arends","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12225","article-title":"Optimal clinical management of children receiving dietary therapies for epilepsy: Updated recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group","volume":"3","author":"Kossoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711710312","article-title":"Thymic extracellular matrix in human malnutrition","volume":"171","author":"Lyra","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1993.1105","article-title":"Characterization and Mechanisms of Thymic Atrophy in Protein-Malnourished Mice: Role of Corticosterone","volume":"148","author":"Barone","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040050343","article-title":"Morphometric and immunohistochemical studies on atrophic changes in lympho-hematopoietic organs of rats treated with piperonyl butoxide or subjected to dietary restriction","volume":"70","author":"Mitsumori","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-014-9947-5","article-title":"Protein Malnutrition Alters Spleen Cell Proliferation and IL-2 and IL-10 Production by Affecting the STAT-1 and STAT-3 Balance","volume":"37","author":"Mello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(99)00279-8","article-title":"Influence of short-term protein malnutrition of mice on the phenotype and costimulatory signals of lymphocytes from spleen and Peyer\u2019s patches","volume":"16","author":"Manhart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib20","first-page":"651","article-title":"Protein-energy malnutrition alters histological and ultrastructural characteristics of the bone marrow and decreases haematopoiesis in adult mice","volume":"22","author":"Xavier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2009000600008","article-title":"Protein-energy malnutrition halts hemopoietic progenitor cells in the G0\/G1 cell cycle stage, thereby altering cell production rates","volume":"42","author":"Borelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2013.05.029","article-title":"Malnutrition suppresses cell cycle progression of hematopoietic progenitor cells in mice via cyclin D1 down-regulation","volume":"30","author":"Nakajima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.01.016","article-title":"Tuberculosis and malnutrition: The European perspective","volume":"42","author":"Ockenga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23315-w","volume":"25","author":"Hhera","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010001","article-title":"Effects of malnutrition on the immune system and infection and the role of nutritional strategies regarding improvements in children\u2019s health status: a literature review","volume":"16","author":"Morales","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00119-16","article-title":"Impact of childhood malnutrition on host defense and infection","volume":"30","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib27","series-title":"Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry","author":"Nelson","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.2.223","article-title":"A Lesson in Metabolic Regulation Inspired by the Glucokinase Glucose Sensor Paradigm","volume":"45","author":"Matschinsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199303113281005","article-title":"Familial Hyperglycemia Due to Mutations in Glucokinase -- Definition of a Subtype of Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"328","author":"Froguel","year":"1993","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.16.7698","article-title":"Human glucokinase gene: isolation, characterization, and identification of two missense mutations linked to early-onset non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus","volume":"89","author":"Stoffel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ13-0431","article-title":"Glucose promotes its own metabolism by acting on the cell-surface glucose-sensing receptor T1R3","volume":"61","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144053","article-title":"Glucose Evokes Rapid Ca2+ and Cyclic AMP signals by activating the cell-surface glucose-sensing receptor in pancreatic \u03b2-Cells","volume":"10","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2003.09.002","article-title":"Facilitative glucose transporter gene expression in human lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages: a role for GLUT isoforms 1, 3, and 5 in the immune response and foam cell formation","volume":"32","author":"Fu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.200.Supp.167.5","article-title":"The role and regulation of cell-intrinsic glycogen metabolism in dendritic cell immune responses","volume":"200","author":"Thwe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.4.537","article-title":"Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity","volume":"79","author":"Bray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-024-00919-3","article-title":"40 years of adding more fructose to high fructose corn syrup than is safe, through the lens of malabsorption and altered gut health\u2013gateways to chronic disease","volume":"23","author":"DeChristopher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1370","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00195.2008","article-title":"Fructose-induced leptin resistance exacerbates weight gain in response to subsequent high-fat feeding","volume":"295","author":"Shapiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031855","article-title":"Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women","volume":"89","author":"Teff","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013191","article-title":"Fructose intake and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"6","author":"Jamnik","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.01.019","article-title":"Fructose and sugar: a major mediator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"68","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202402531R","article-title":"Fructose induces inflammatory activation in macrophages and microglia through the nutrient-sensing ghrelin receptor","volume":"39","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.10.002","article-title":"Hexokinase 2 senses fructose in tumor-associated macrophages to promote colorectal cancer growth","volume":"36","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)42067-4","article-title":"Fructose transporter in human spermatozoa and small intestine is GLUT5","volume":"267","author":"Burant","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21461-4","article-title":"Fructose reprogrammes glutamine-dependent oxidative metabolism to support LPS-induced inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.02.004","article-title":"Metabolic engineering to facilitate anti-tumor immunity","volume":"43","author":"Schild","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02359-9","article-title":"High fructose consumption aggravates inflammation by promoting effector T cell generation via inducing metabolic reprogramming","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sig. Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.1.108-112.1996","article-title":"Endotoxin-induced enhancement of glucose influx into murine peritoneal macrophages via GLUT1","volume":"64","author":"Fukuzumi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7884","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.522037","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages","volume":"289","author":"Freemerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-017-0151-x","article-title":"Higher phagocytic activity of thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages is related to metabolic status of the cells","volume":"14","author":"Pavlou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.144.6.1484","article-title":"2-Deoxyglucose selectively inhibits Fc and complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages II. Dissociation of the inhibitory effects of 2-deoxyglucose on phagocytosis and ATP generation","volume":"144","author":"Michl","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11986","article-title":"Succinate is an inflammatory signal that induces IL-1\u03b2 through HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"496","author":"Tannahill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.08.012","article-title":"Glycolytic stimulation is not a requirement for M2 Macrophage Differentiation","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101255","article-title":"Mitochondria as central hub of the immune system","volume":"26","author":"Breda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.09.016","article-title":"Metabolic Reprogramming Mediated by the mTORC2-IRF4 Signaling Axis Is Essential for Macrophage Alternative Activation","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.5.1256","article-title":"High glucose-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes in monocytic cells","volume":"52","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.07.007","article-title":"Elevated glucose levels favor SARS-CoV-2 infection and monocyte response through a HIF-1\u03b1\/glycolysis-dependent axis","volume":"32","author":"Codo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046464","article-title":"Hyperglycemia induces trained immunity in macrophages and their precursors and promotes atherosclerosis","volume":"144","author":"Edgar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0778","article-title":"Diabetes adversely affects macrophages during atherosclerotic plaque regression in mice","volume":"60","author":"Parathath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2016.06.001","article-title":"Human monocytes and macrophages undergo M1-type inflammatory polarization in response to high levels of glucose","volume":"176","author":"Torres-Castro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-018-0261-0","article-title":"Sustained high glucose exposure sensitizes macrophage responses to cytokine stimuli but reduces their phagocytic activity","volume":"19","author":"Pavlou","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.78","article-title":"Streptozotocin-induced diabetic models in mice and rats","volume":"1","author":"Furman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901348","article-title":"Hyperglycemic memory of innate immune cells promotes in vitro proinflammatory responses of human monocytes and murine macrophages","volume":"206","author":"Thiem","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01071","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation of S100A9 and S100A12 expression in monocyte-macrophage system in hyperglycemic conditions","volume":"11","author":"Mossel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1303","article-title":"Innate immune recognition of viral infection","volume":"7","author":"Kawai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0288-3","article-title":"RIG-I-like receptors: their regulation and roles in RNA sensing","volume":"20","author":"Rehwinkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.05.003","article-title":"Immune Signaling by RIG-I-like Receptors","volume":"34","author":"Loo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.003","article-title":"Lactate Is a Natural Suppressor of RLR Signaling by Targeting MAVS","volume":"178","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01848-3","article-title":"An IFN\u03b3-dependent immune\u2013endocrine circuit lowers blood glucose to potentiate the innate antiviral immune response","volume":"25","author":"\u0160estan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2022.10.026","article-title":"AMPK directly phosphorylates TBK1 to integrate glucose sensing into innate immunity","volume":"82","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.07.014","article-title":"Nutrient regulation of signaling, transcription, and cell physiology by O-GlcNAcylation","volume":"20","author":"Hardivill\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.11.001","article-title":"O-GlcNAc Transferase Links Glucose Metabolism to MAVS-Mediated Antiviral Innate Immunity","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2025.102683","article-title":"Host immunometabolic regulation through viral sensing pathways","volume":"88","author":"Martins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy002","article-title":"Modeling the Western Diet for Preclinical Investigations","volume":"9","author":"Hintze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9313","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0473-16.2016","article-title":"Hyperglycemia in Stroke Impairs Polarization of Monocytes\/macrophages to A Protective Noninflammatory Cell Type","volume":"36","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54272-w","article-title":"Fructose regulates the pentose phosphate pathway and induces an inflammatory and resolution phenotype in Kupffer cells","volume":"14","author":"Lodge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28638","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25587","article-title":"Oral administration of fructose exacerbates liver fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis via increased intestinal permeability in a rat steatohepatitis model","volume":"9","author":"Seki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511004983","article-title":"Toll-like receptors 1\u20139 are elevated in livers with fructose-induced hepatic steatosis","volume":"107","author":"Wagnerberger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23797","article-title":"High-fructose, medium chain trans fat diet induces liver fibrosis and elevates plasma Coenzyme Q9 in a novel murine model of obesity and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"52","author":"Kohli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23122","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor 4 is involved in the development of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in mice","volume":"50","author":"Spruss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.08.004","article-title":"M1 macrophage subtypes activation and adipocyte dysfunction worsen during prolonged consumption of a fructose-rich diet","volume":"61","author":"Gambaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2034","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1050","article-title":"Circulating Concentrations of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, and Soluble Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule-1 in Overweight\/Obese Men and Women Consuming Fructose- or Glucose-Sweetened Beverages for 10 Weeks","volume":"96","author":"Cox","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4742","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-10-249540","article-title":"Toll-like receptor\u2013induced changes in glycolytic metabolism regulate dendritic cell activation","volume":"115","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2833","article-title":"TLR-driven early glycolytic reprogramming via the kinases TBK1-IKK\u025b supports the anabolic demands of dendritic cell activation","volume":"15","author":"Everts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04804-6","article-title":"Glycolytic metabolism is essential for CCR7 oligomerization and dendritic cell migration","volume":"9","author":"Guak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.08.012","article-title":"Cell-intrinsic glycogen metabolism supports early glycolytic reprogramming required for dendritic cell immune responses","volume":"26","author":"Thwe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5120","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29380","article-title":"Brief exposure to hyperglycemia activates dendritic cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"235","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-024-03192-8","article-title":"Dynamic glycolytic reprogramming effects on dendritic cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15620","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15620","article-title":"Glucose represses dendritic cell-induced T cell responses","volume":"8","author":"Lawless","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06803-0","article-title":"Lung dendritic-cell metabolism underlies susceptibility to viral infection in diabetes","volume":"624","author":"Nobs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib90","first-page":"237","article-title":"High fructose-induced metabolic changes enhance inflammation in human dendritic cells","volume":"197","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12437","article-title":"Metabolic requirements for neutrophil extracellular traps formation","volume":"145","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Espinosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.11.016","article-title":"Neutrophils Fuel Effective Immune Responses through Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenesis","volume":"33","author":"Sadiku","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165940","article-title":"Glucose induces metabolic reprogramming in neutrophils during type 2 diabetes to form constitutive extracellular traps and decreased responsiveness to lipopolysaccharides","volume":"1866","author":"Joshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-025-02283-8","article-title":"Toll Like Receptors Promote High Glucose-Induced Vascular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction by Regulating Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2013.05.053","article-title":"High glucose modulates IL-6 mediated immune homeostasis through impeding neutrophil extracellular trap formation","volume":"587","author":"Joshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0365","article-title":"Diabetes Primes Neutrophils for Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation through Trained Immunity","volume":"7","author":"Shrestha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-121723","article-title":"Hyperglycemia enhances coagulation and reduces neutrophil degranulation, whereas hyperinsulinemia inhibits fibrinolysis during human endotoxemia","volume":"112","author":"Stegenga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22174","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.640094","article-title":"A Metabolic Shift toward Pentose Phosphate Pathway Is Necessary for Amyloid Fibril- and Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate-induced Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation","volume":"290","author":"Azevedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1816143116","article-title":"Failure to eliminate a phosphorylated glucose analog leads to neutropenia in patients with G6PT and G6PC3 deficiency","volume":"116","author":"Veiga-da-Cunha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5888","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020002225","article-title":"Metabolic abnormalities in G6PC3-deficient human neutrophils result in severe functional defects","volume":"4","author":"McKinney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0108024","article-title":"Glucose metabolism in lymphocytes is a regulated process with significant effects on immune cell function and survival","volume":"84","author":"MacIver","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00913-9","article-title":"The glucose transporter 2 regulates CD8+ T cell function via environment sensing","volume":"5","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838289","article-title":"Glucose deprivation inhibits multiple key gene expression events and effector functions in CD8+ T cells","volume":"38","author":"Cham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.689337","article-title":"High glucose enhances cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.05.004","article-title":"The Glucose Transporter Glut1 Is Selectively Essential for CD4 T Cell Activation and Effector Function","volume":"20","author":"Macintyre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52666-y","article-title":"GLUT1 overexpression in CAR-T cells induces metabolic reprogramming and enhances potency","volume":"15","author":"Guerrero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20171079","article-title":"Hyperglycaemia does not affect antigen-specific activation and cytolytic killing by CD8+ T cells in vivo","volume":"37","author":"Recino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0209","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and not hyperinsulinemia mediates diabetes-induced memory CD8 T-Cell Dysfunction","volume":"71","author":"Kavazovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011422","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 T Cells Are Reduced and Rendered Unresponsive by Hyperglycemia and Chronic TNF\u03b1 in Mouse Models of Obesity and Metabolic Disease","volume":"5","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-022-00894-x","article-title":"Glucose metabolism controls human \u03b3\u03b4 T-cell-mediated tumor immunosurveillance in diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401125","article-title":"Chromatin decondensation and t cell hyperresponsiveness in diabetes-associated hyperglycemia","volume":"193","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2006-0478OC","article-title":"Tuberculosis susceptibility of diabetic mice","volume":"37","author":"Martens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201305-112OC","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Coincident with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Is Associated with Heightened Systemic Type 1, Type 17, and Other Proinflammatory Cytokines","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit241","article-title":"Expansion of pathogen-specific T-Helper 1 and T-Helper 17 Cells in pulmonary tuberculosis with coincident type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"208","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.08.001","article-title":"High Glucose Intake Exacerbates Autoimmunity through Reactive-Oxygen-Species-Mediated TGF-\u03b2 Cytokine Activation","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2013.11.031","article-title":"High glucose driven expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes in lymphocytes: Molecular mechanisms of IL-17 family gene expression","volume":"26","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.10.004","article-title":"Hyperglycemia-triggered lipid peroxidation destabilizes STAT4 and impairs anti-viral Th1 responses in type 2 diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Gray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.09.011","article-title":"Dietary fructose-mediated adipocyte metabolism drives antitumor CD8+ T cell responses","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102835","article-title":"Dietary carbohydrate, particularly glucose, drives B cell lymphopoiesis and function","volume":"24","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3626","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302062","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming is required for antibody production that is suppressed in anergic but exaggerated in chronically BAFF-Exposed B Cells","volume":"192","author":"Caro-Maldonado","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.113739","article-title":"GLUT1-mediated glucose import in B cells is critical for anaplerotic balance and humoral immunity","volume":"43","author":"Bierling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200756","article-title":"Plasma Cell Differentiation, Antibody Quality, and Initial Germinal Center B Cell Population Depend on Glucose Influx Rate","volume":"212","author":"Brookens","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701440","article-title":"TAPP Adaptors Control B Cell Metabolism by Modulating the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signaling Pathway: A Novel Regulatory Circuit Preventing Autoimmunity","volume":"201","author":"Jayachandran","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200325","article-title":"Glucose requirement of antigen-specific autoreactive B cells and CD4+ T Cells","volume":"210","author":"Abboud","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2018.07.005","article-title":"Initial B cell activation induces metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial remodeling","volume":"5","author":"Waters","year":"2018","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2012.07.010","article-title":"High glucose concentration impairs ATP outflow and immunoglobulin production by human peripheral B lymphocytes: involvement of P2X7 receptor","volume":"218","author":"Sakowicz-Burkiewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1279439","article-title":"Single cell transcriptome analyses reveal the roles of B cells in fructose-induced hypertension","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib128","first-page":"1","article-title":"Major dietary lipids in nutrition and health. in","volume":"105","author":"M\u00e1rquez-Ruiz","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01014-8","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids: linking diet, the microbiome and immunity","volume":"24","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immuno. l"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2016.03.017","article-title":"Metabolism meets immunity: The role of free fatty acid receptors in the immune system","volume":"114","author":"Alvarez-Curto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5114","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.14.5114-5127.2002","article-title":"Selective cooperation between fatty acid binding proteins and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in regulating transcription","volume":"22","author":"Tan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6151","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.10.6151","article-title":"Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Suppresses T Cell Protein Kinase C\u03b8 Lipid Raft Recruitment and IL-2 Production","volume":"173","author":"Fan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.09.035","article-title":"Discovery of a class of endogenous mammalian lipids with anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects","volume":"159","author":"Yore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300298","article-title":"Inflammasome-Mediated Secretion of IL-1\u03b2 in Human Monocytes through TLR2 Activation; Modulation by Dietary Fatty Acids","volume":"191","author":"Snodgrass","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M700505-JLR200","article-title":"Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein lipolysis releases neutral and oxidized FFAs that induce endothelial cell inflammation","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13934","article-title":"Obesity-Induced Metabolic Priming Exacerbates SARS - CoV -2 Inflammation","volume":"175","author":"Davanzo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.201681","article-title":"Nutrient modification of the innate immune response: a novel mechanism by which saturated fatty acids greatly amplify monocyte inflammation","volume":"30","author":"Schwartz","year":"2010","journal-title":"ATVB"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E145","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00490.2010","article-title":"Free fatty acids in the presence of high glucose amplify monocyte inflammation via Toll-like receptors","volume":"300","author":"Dasu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32710-5","article-title":"Dietary fatty acids differentially affect secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human THP-1 monocytes","volume":"13","author":"Hung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.1.357S","article-title":"n\u22123 Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit the antigen-presenting function of human monocytes","volume":"71","author":"Hughes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4837","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.9.4837","article-title":"Short-time infusion of fish oil-based lipid emulsions, approved for parenteral nutrition, reduces monocyte proinflammatory cytokine generation and adhesive interaction with endothelium in humans","volume":"171","author":"Mayer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045990","article-title":"Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Antagonize Macrophage Inflammation via Activation of AMPK\/SIRT1 Pathway","volume":"7","author":"Xue","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097957","article-title":"Omega-3 free fatty acids suppress macrophage inflammasome activation by inhibiting NF-\u03baB activation and enhancing autophagy","volume":"9","author":"Williams-Bey","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34260","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity: modulation by nutrients and inflammation","volume":"118","author":"Schenk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.MR1218-478R","article-title":"Leptin in the regulation of the immunometabolism of adipose tissue-macrophages","volume":"106","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2021.03.004","article-title":"Immunometabolic regulation of adipose tissue resident immune cells","volume":"58","author":"Davanzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.07.041","article-title":"GPR120 Is an Omega-3 fatty acid receptor mediating potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects","volume":"142","author":"Oh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.76744","article-title":"Enriched dietary saturated fatty acids induce trained immunity via ceramide production that enhances severity of endotoxemia and clearance of infection","volume":"11","author":"Seufert","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5390","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.9.5390","article-title":"Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids reciprocally modulate dendritic cell functions mediated through TLR4","volume":"174","author":"Weatherill","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100567","article-title":"High-fat diet\u2013induced obesity alters dendritic cell homeostasis by enhancing mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation","volume":"209","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14293","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M410000200","article-title":"Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Block Dendritic Cell Activation and Function Independently of NF-\u03baB Activation","volume":"280","author":"Zeyda","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1007688","article-title":"Human dendritic cell activities are modulated by the omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, mainly through PPAR\u03b3:RXR heterodimers: comparison with other polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"84","author":"Zapata-Gonzalez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-9-12","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid prevents dendritic cell maturation and in vitro and in vivo expression of the IL-12 cytokine family","volume":"9","author":"Kong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176793","article-title":"Palmitic acid is a toll-like receptor 4 ligand that induces human dendritic cell secretion of IL-1\u03b2","volume":"12","author":"Nicholas","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14515","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S530054","article-title":"Multiple Roles of Palmitic Acid in Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"JIR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116195","article-title":"Comprehensive profiling of plasma fatty acid concentrations in young healthy canadian adults","volume":"10","author":"Abdelmagid","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201546263","article-title":"Free fatty acids sensitize dendritic cells to amplify TH1\/TH17-immune responses","volume":"46","author":"Stelzner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103139","article-title":"Dietary fatty acids in postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins modulate human monocyte-derived dendritic cell maturation and activation","volume":"12","author":"Vazquez-Madrigal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01278-7","article-title":"Saturated fatty acid-induced neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to exacerbation and biologic therapy resistance in obesity-related psoriasis","volume":"22","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-010-3461-9","article-title":"Dietary free oleic and linoleic acid enhances neutrophil function and modulates the inflammatory response in rats","volume":"45","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02349-14","article-title":"Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Increase Survival and Decrease Bacterial Load during Septic Staphylococcus aureus Infection and Improve Neutrophil Function in Mice","volume":"83","author":"Svahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116245","article-title":"Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit phosphoinositide formation and chemotaxis in neutrophils","volume":"91","author":"Sperling","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15400","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.004861","article-title":"Effect of dietary fatty acids on inflammatory gene expression in healthy humans","volume":"284","author":"Weaver","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-01-0316","article-title":"Oxidized omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil inhibit leukocyte-endothelial interactions through activation of PPAR\u03b1","volume":"100","author":"Sethi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2005.10.011","article-title":"Biological effects of a dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in cystic fibrosis patients: a randomized, crossover placebo-controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Panchaud","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.5.1287","article-title":"Lack of effect of foods enriched with plant- or marine-derived n\u22123 fatty acids on human immune function","volume":"77","author":"Kew","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.895","article-title":"Immunomodulation by intravenous omega-3 fatty acid treatment in older subjects hospitalized for COVID-19: A single-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Arnardottir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2018.03.002","article-title":"The effect of n-3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 supplementation on neutrophil leukotrienes, mediators of inflammation resolution and myeloperoxidase in chronic kidney disease","volume":"136","author":"Barden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6104043","article-title":"Effects of Perioperative Supplementation with Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Leukotriene B4 and Leukotriene B5 Production by Stimulated Neutrophils in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Intervention Trial","volume":"6","author":"Sorensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib170","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids impinge on CD4+ T cell motility and adipose tissue distribution via direct and lipid mediator-dependent effects","volume":"116","author":"Cucchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.07.038","article-title":"Comparative toxicity of oleic and linoleic acid on human lymphocytes","volume":"78","author":"Cury-Boaventura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(02)00095-4","article-title":"Ranking the toxicity of fatty acids on Jurkat and Raji cells by flow cytometric analysis","volume":"16","author":"Lima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201243096","article-title":"Adipocyte-derived lipids modulate CD4+ T-cell function","volume":"43","author":"Ioan-Facsinay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5606","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33067-5","article-title":"Interferon gamma mediates the reduction of adipose tissue regulatory T cells in human obesity","volume":"13","author":"Bradley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0598-4","article-title":"Germinal center B cells selectively oxidize fatty acids for energy while conducting minimal glycolysis","volume":"21","author":"Weisel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-025-01273-2","article-title":"NK cell-derived IFN\u03b3 mobilizes free fatty acids from adipose tissue to promote early B cell activation during viral infection","volume":"7","author":"Krapi\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M042457","article-title":"n-3 PUFAs enhance the frequency of murine B-cell subsets and restore the impairment of antibody production to a T-independent antigen in obesity","volume":"54","author":"Teague","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M600365-JLR200","article-title":"Immunosuppressive effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on antigen presentation by human leukocyte antigen class I molecules","volume":"48","author":"Shaikh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2013.02.013","article-title":"Fish oil disrupts MHC class II lateral organization on the B-cell side of the immunological synapse independent of B-T cell adhesion","volume":"24","author":"Rockett","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.010","article-title":"Amino assets: how amino acids support immunity","volume":"32","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2017.05.004","article-title":"Amino-acid sensing and degrading pathways in immune regulation","volume":"35","author":"Grohmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4570","article-title":"Making sense of amino acid sensing","volume":"347","author":"Abraham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0181","article-title":"Soluble carrier transporters and mitochondria in the immunometabolic regulation of macrophages","volume":"36","author":"Lima-Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00053","article-title":"Role of SLC7A5 in metabolic reprogramming of human monocyte\/macrophage immune responses","volume":"9","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.739514","article-title":"Circulating metabolomic signature in generalized pustular psoriasis blunts monocyte hyperinflammation by triggering amino acid response","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16040","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms16040","article-title":"BCAT1 controls metabolic reprogramming in activated human macrophages and is associated with inflammatory diseases","volume":"8","author":"Papathanassiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.01.014","article-title":"Serine metabolism supports macrophage IL-1\u03b2 Production","volume":"29","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14433-7","article-title":"Nitric oxide orchestrates metabolic rewiring in M1 macrophages by targeting aconitase 2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase","volume":"11","author":"Palmieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01274-22","article-title":"Glutamine Is Required for M1-like Polarization of Macrophages in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.02.005","article-title":"Network Integration of Parallel Metabolic and Transcriptional Data Reveals Metabolic Modules that Regulate Macrophage Polarization","volume":"42","author":"Jha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00093","article-title":"Arginine metabolism in myeloid cells shapes innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"8","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.164","article-title":"Local Arginase 1 activity is required for cutaneous wound healing","volume":"133","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17750-z","article-title":"Blockade of the AHR restricts a Treg-macrophage suppressive axis induced by L-Kynurenine","volume":"11","author":"Campesato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.01.006","article-title":"Tryptophan-derived microbial metabolites activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in tumor-associated macrophages to suppress anti-tumor immunity","volume":"55","author":"Hezaveh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06299-8","article-title":"SLC38A2 and glutamine signalling in cDC1s dictate anti-tumour immunity","volume":"620","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7137","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.10.7137","article-title":"Extracellular branched-chain amino acids, especially valine, regulate maturation and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells","volume":"179","author":"Kakazu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.08.018","article-title":"The tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid suppresses T cell responses by inhibiting dendritic cell activation","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.3109\/08820139.2012.676122","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Dendritic Cell Tolerogenicity","volume":"41","author":"Harden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00166.x","article-title":"Restoration of innate host defense responses by oral supplementation of branched-chain amino acids in decompensated cirrhotic patients","volume":"37","author":"Nakamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-018-2679-3","article-title":"Exogenous glutamine impairs neutrophils migration into infections sites elicited by lipopolysaccharide by a multistep mechanism","volume":"51","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiae243","article-title":"Glutamine modulates neutrophil recruitment and effector functions during sterile inflammation","volume":"117","author":"Hellenthal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2556","article-title":"Control of amino-acid transport by antigen receptors coordinates the metabolic reprogramming essential for T cell differentiation","volume":"14","author":"Sinclair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903586","article-title":"Glutamine uptake and metabolism are coordinately regulated by ERK\/MAPK during T Lymphocyte Activation","volume":"185","author":"Carr","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.04.007","article-title":"Inflammatory T cell responses rely on amino acid transporter ASCT2 facilitation of glutamine uptake and mTORC1 kinase activation","volume":"40","author":"Nakaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-020-00615-4","article-title":"Asparagine enhances LCK signalling to potentiate CD8+ T-cell activation and anti-tumour responses","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.137761","article-title":"Coordination of asparagine uptake and asparagine synthetase expression modulates CD8+ T cell activation","volume":"6","author":"Hope","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.12.011","article-title":"Serine is an essential metabolite for effector T cell expansion","volume":"25","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25815","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C116.763623","article-title":"Proliferating Helper T Cells Require Rictor\/mTORC2 complex to integrate signals from limiting environmental amino acids","volume":"291","author":"Van De Velde","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2002.01526.x","article-title":"Tryptophan deprivation sensitizes activated T cells to apoptosis prior to cell division","volume":"107","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6752","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.11.6752","article-title":"The Combined Effects of Tryptophan Starvation and Tryptophan Catabolites Down-Regulate T Cell Receptor \u03b6-Chain and Induce a Regulatory Phenotype in Naive T Cells","volume":"176","author":"Fallarino","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401073","article-title":"T cell apoptosis by tryptophan catabolism","volume":"9","author":"Fallarino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041240216","article-title":"The essential role of L-glutamine in lymphocyte differentiation in vitro","volume":"124","author":"Crawford","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0216143","article-title":"Arginine deficiency affects early B cell maturation and lymphoid organ development in transgenic mice","volume":"110","author":"De Jonge","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2810045","article-title":"Macrophages can convert citrulline into arginine","volume":"281","author":"Wu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)42251-4","article-title":"Coinduction of nitric oxide synthase and argininosuccinate synthetase in a murine macrophage cell line. Implications for regulation of nitric oxide production","volume":"269","author":"Nussler","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Seminars in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S104453232600014X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S104453232600014X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:39:22Z","timestamp":1792787962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S104453232600014X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":215,"alternative-id":["S104453232600014X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027","relation":{},"ISSN":["1044-5323"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1044-5323","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Macronutrient availability and immune cell responses","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smim.2026.102027","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102027"}}