{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:45:37Z","timestamp":1791499537799,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia","award":["#1054774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1054774"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Council of Australia","award":["#1008919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1008919"]}]},{"name":"Victorian Government's Operational Infrastructure Support Scheme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["smrv-journal.com","mdconsult.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T23:30:21Z","timestamp":1404257421000},"page":"463-475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["The conundrum of primary snoring in children: What are we missing in regards to cognitive and behavioural morbidity?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1144-2694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Biggs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian M.","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary S.C.","family":"Horne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200707-111MG","article-title":"Pathophysiology of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"5","author":"Katz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1671","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"130","author":"Marcus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.06.010","article-title":"Characterization of the acute pulse transit time response to obstructive apneas and hypopneas in preschool children with sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"14","author":"Nisbet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.007203","article-title":"Sleep. 8: paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"60","author":"Nixon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.08.013","article-title":"Multidimensional scaling of pediatric sleep breathing problems and bio-behavioral correlates","volume":"7","author":"Spruyt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2003.118","article-title":"Prevalence of habitual snoring and sleep-disordered breathing in preschool-aged children in an Italian community","volume":"142","author":"Castronovo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200708-135MG","article-title":"Epidemiology of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"5","author":"Lumeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2007.05.004","article-title":"Childhood obstructive sleep apnea: one or two distinct disease entities?","volume":"2","author":"Dayyat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2010.08.001","article-title":"Obstructive sleep disorders in Prader-Willi syndrome: the role of surgery and growth hormone","volume":"74","author":"DeMarcantonio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21093","article-title":"Pediatric sleep apnea and craniofacial anomalies: a population-based case-control study","volume":"120","author":"Lam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e32834ba9c0","article-title":"Management of obstructive sleep apnea associated with Down syndrome and other craniofacial dysmorphologies","volume":"17","author":"Rosen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.1500.711","article-title":"On some causes of backwardness and stupidity in children: and the relife of these symptoms in some instances by naso-pharyngeal scarifications","volume":"2","author":"Hill","year":"1889","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.58.1.23","article-title":"Sleep apnea in eight children","volume":"58","author":"Guilleminault","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01377349","article-title":"Children and nocturnal snoring: evaluation of the effects of sleep related respiratory resistive load and daytime functioning","volume":"139","author":"Guilleminault","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.9.1115","article-title":"Neurobehavioral morbidity associated with disordered breathing during sleep in children: a comprehensive review","volume":"29","author":"Beebe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2005.11.003","article-title":"The contribution of intermittent hypoxia, sleep debt and sleep disruption to daytime performance deficits in children: consideration of respiratory and non-respiratory sleep disorders","volume":"10","author":"Blunden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2005.10.002","article-title":"Neuropsychological morbidity linked to childhood sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"10","author":"Halbower","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.2.8564147","article-title":"Standards and indications for cardiopulmonary sleep studies in children. American Thoracic Society","volume":"153","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1076\/1380-3395(200010)22:5;1-9;FT554","article-title":"Behavior and neurocognitive performance in children aged 5\u201310 years who snore compared to controls","volume":"22","author":"Blunden","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.11.1447","article-title":"The association between sleep disordered breathing, academic grades, and cognitive and behavioral functioning among overweight subjects during middle to late childhood","volume":"33","author":"Beebe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561770410708X","article-title":"Neuropsychological effects of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"10","author":"Beebe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.11.010","article-title":"Cognitive and academic functions are impaired in children with all severities of sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"12","author":"Bourke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.08.011","article-title":"Neurobehavioral function is impaired in children with all severities of sleep disordered breathing","volume":"12","author":"Bourke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-011-0480-6","article-title":"Primary snoring in school children: prevalence and neurocognitive impairments","volume":"16","author":"Brockmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S1808-8694(15)30074-4","article-title":"Assessment of cognitive learning function in children with obstructive sleep breathing disorders","volume":"73","author":"Hamasaki Uema","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640903133582","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing and verbal skills in school-aged community children","volume":"34","author":"Honaker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.01.013","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing in preschool children is associated with behavioral, but not cognitive, impairments","volume":"13","author":"Jackman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.06.019","article-title":"Neurocognitive assessment and sleep analysis in children with sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"122","author":"Miano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.44","article-title":"Neurobehavioral implications of habitual snoring in children","volume":"114","author":"O'Brien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-010-0329-4","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing, behavior, and academic performance in Taiwan schoolchildren","volume":"15","author":"Ting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23844","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in children","volume":"123","author":"Tripuraneni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0227","article-title":"The effect of chronic or intermittent hypoxia on cognition in childhood: a review of the evidence","volume":"114","author":"Bass","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2001.0165","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioural performance in children with sleep-related obstructive breathing disorders","volume":"5","author":"Blunden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2004.09.017","article-title":"The impact of sleep-disordered breathing on cognition and behavior in children: a review and meta-synthesis of the literature","volume":"131","author":"Ebert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e3282ef6880","article-title":"Neurocognitive and behavioral morbidity in children with sleep disorders","volume":"13","author":"Gozal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S6934","article-title":"Neurocognitive performance and behavior before and after treatment for sleep-disordered breathing in children","volume":"2","author":"Kohler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2005.10.020","article-title":"Behavior, neurocognition and quality-of-life in children with sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"70","author":"Mitchell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20981","article-title":"Neurocognitive and behavioral impact of sleep disordered breathing in children","volume":"44","author":"Owens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.3.610","article-title":"Inability of clinical history to distinguish primary snoring from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children","volume":"108","author":"Carroll","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib40","series-title":"The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications","author":"Iber","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2172","article-title":"Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events. Deliberations of the Sleep Apnea Definitions Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine","volume":"8","author":"Berry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.04.004","article-title":"Current hypopnea scoring criteria underscore pediatric sleep disordered breathing","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib43","first-page":"S47","article-title":"Differences in pulse oximetry technology can affect detection of sleep-disorderd breathing in children","volume":"94","author":"Brouillette","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/22.5.667","article-title":"Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. The report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force","volume":"22","author":"AASM","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib45","series-title":"The international classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual","author":"AASM","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.5_Pt_1.1235","article-title":"Normal polysomnographic values for children and adolescents","volume":"146","author":"Marcus","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.5_Pt_1.1231","article-title":"Adult criteria for obstructive sleep apnea do not identify children with serious obstruction","volume":"146","author":"Rosen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20236","article-title":"Polysomnographic values in children 2\u20139 years old: additional data and review of the literature","volume":"40","author":"Traeger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.3.872","article-title":"Normal polysomnographic respiratory values in children and adolescents","volume":"125","author":"Uliel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20551","article-title":"Reference values for sleep-related respiratory variables in asymptomatic European children and adolescents","volume":"42","author":"Verhulst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.168.12.954","article-title":"Obstructive hypopneas in children and adolescents: normal values","volume":"168","author":"Witmans","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.2.153","article-title":"Peripheral blood leukocyte gene expression patterns and metabolic parameters in habitually snoring and non-snoring children with normal polysomnographic findings","volume":"34","author":"Khalyfa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.123290","article-title":"Night-to-night variability of polysomnography in children with suspected obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"140","author":"Katz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7343","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007343","article-title":"Adenotonsillectomy and neurocognitive deficits in children with Sleep Disordered Breathing","volume":"4","author":"Kohler","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12390","article-title":"Neurobehavioural correlates in older children and adolescents with obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"50","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200610-1519OC","article-title":"C-reactive protein, obstructive sleep apnea, and cognitive dysfunction in school-aged children","volume":"176","author":"Gozal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2005.07.005","article-title":"Oxidant stress and inflammation in the snoring child: confluent pathways to upper airway pathogenesis and end-organ morbidity","volume":"10","author":"Gozal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.07.010","article-title":"Nocturnal autonomic function in preschool children with sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"14","author":"Nisbet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2002.00289.x","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and the prefrontal cortex: towards a comprehensive model linking nocturnal upper airway obstruction to daytime cognitive and behavioral deficits","volume":"11","author":"Beebe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00498.x","article-title":"The effect of prenatal hypoxia on brain development: short- and long-term consequences demonstrated in rodent models","volume":"9","author":"Golan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-07-02442.2001","article-title":"Behavioral and anatomical correlates of chronic episodic hypoxia during sleep in the rat","volume":"21","author":"Gozal","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e204","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1256","article-title":"Nocturnal arterial oxygen saturation and academic performance in a community sample of children","volume":"115","author":"Urschitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.10453","article-title":"Reduced neurocognition in children who snore","volume":"37","author":"Kennedy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1100","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0092","article-title":"Increased cerebral blood flow velocity in children with mild sleep-disordered breathing: a possible association with abnormal neuropsychological function","volume":"118","author":"Hill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00106710","article-title":"Adenotonsillectomy improves slow-wave activity in children with obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"37","author":"Ben-Israel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq129","article-title":"EEG sleep slow-wave activity as a mirror of cortical maturation","volume":"21","author":"Buchmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/15.2.173","article-title":"EEG arousals: scoring rules and examples: a preliminary report from the Sleep Disorders Atlas Task Force of the American Sleep Disorders Association","volume":"15","author":"AASM","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.3.616","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing and school performance in children","volume":"102","author":"Gozal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0228","article-title":"Obesity and excessive daytime sleepiness in prepubertal children with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"123","author":"Gozal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.3.693","article-title":"Objective sleepiness measures in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"108","author":"Gozal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2005.11.006","article-title":"Sleepiness in children","volume":"1","author":"Blunden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2009.10.003","article-title":"Cyclic alternating pattern: a window into pediatric sleep","volume":"11","author":"Bruni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.4.450","article-title":"Reduced NREM sleep instability in children with sleep disordered breathing","volume":"30","author":"Kheirandish-Gozal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e741","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-3046","article-title":"Chronic snoring and sleep in children: a demonstration of sleep disruption","volume":"118","author":"Lopes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.02.003","article-title":"Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP): the marker of sleep instability","volume":"16","author":"Parrino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.2.274","article-title":"Sleep pressure score: a new index of sleep disruption in snoring children","volume":"27","author":"Tauman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.2.279","article-title":"Sleep pressure correlates of cognitive and behavioral morbidity in snoring children","volume":"27","author":"O'Brien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0496(200005)29:5<359::AID-PPUL4>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Dynamic changes in EEG spectra during obstructive apnea in children","volume":"29","author":"Bandla","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.6.7952634","article-title":"Movement\/arousals. Description, classification, and relationship to sleep apnea in children","volume":"150","author":"Mograss","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-011-0530-0","article-title":"EEG spectral analysis of apnoeic events confirms visual scoring in childhood sleep disordered breathing","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.07.007","article-title":"Sleep disturbance in pre-school children with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Walter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a01","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2009.07.003","article-title":"Sleep, sleep disorders and inflammation in children","volume":"10","author":"Gozal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200608-1190PP","article-title":"Cardiovascular morbidity in obstructive sleep apnea: oxidative stress, inflammation, and much more","volume":"177","author":"Gozal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib84","first-page":"109","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in children: a critical update","volume":"5","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000265818.88703.83","article-title":"APOE epsilon 4 allele, cognitive dysfunction, and obstructive sleep apnea in children","volume":"69","author":"Gozal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.06.014","article-title":"Obesity, and not obstructive sleep apnea, is responsible for metabolic abnormalities in a cohort with sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.9","article-title":"Childhood overweight and academic performance: national study of kindergartners and first-graders","volume":"12","author":"Datar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.3.497","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective study of the role of depression in the development and persistence of adolescent obesity","volume":"110","author":"Goodman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.5.1178","article-title":"Sleep and daytime behavior in children with obstructive sleep apnea and behavioral sleep disorders","volume":"102","author":"Owens","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3312","article-title":"Long-term changes in neurocognition and behavior following treatment of sleep disordered breathing in school-aged children","volume":"37","author":"Biggs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib91","first-page":"1","article-title":"Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: a critical experiment","volume":"54","author":"Cattell","year":"1963","journal-title":"J\u00a0Educ Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.2307\/1130797","article-title":"Age versus schooling effects on intelligence development","volume":"60","author":"Cahan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53839-0.00005-3","article-title":"Developmental aspects of sleep slow waves: linking sleep, brain maturation and behavior","volume":"193","author":"Ringli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.05.006","article-title":"Time course of EEG slow-wave activity in pre-school children with sleep disordered breathing: a possible mechanism for daytime deficits?","volume":"13","author":"Biggs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(81)90225-X","article-title":"Sleep deprivation: effect on sleep stages and EEG power density in man","volume":"51","author":"Borbely","year":"1981","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858406292647","article-title":"Sleep to remember","volume":"12","author":"Born","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.06.014","article-title":"Gender, socioeconomic, and ethnic differences in sleep patterns in school-aged children","volume":"14","author":"Biggs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215881","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized trial of adenotonsillectomy for childhood sleep apnea","volume":"368","author":"Marcus","year":"2013","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1087079214000732?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1087079214000732?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,10]],"date-time":"2022-04-10T04:35:17Z","timestamp":1649565317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1087079214000732"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1087079214000732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1087-0792"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1087-0792","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The conundrum of primary snoring in children: What are we missing in regards to cognitive and behavioural morbidity?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sleep Medicine Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.06.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}