{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:56:20Z","timestamp":1792155380736,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T02:00:38Z","timestamp":1485741638000},"page":"94-104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Trauma associated sleep disorder: A parasomnia induced by trauma"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Vincent","family":"Mysliwiec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Brock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Creamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"O'Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Germain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard J.","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012893","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in the wake of traumatic events","volume":"345","author":"Lavie","year":"2001","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib2","series-title":"International classification of sleep disorders","author":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib3","series-title":"DSM V","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2004.02.001","article-title":"A\u00a0brief sleep scale for posttraumatic stress disorder: Pittsburgh sleep quality index addendum for PTSD","volume":"19","author":"Germain","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib5","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Trauma associated sleep disorder: a proposed parasomnia encompassing disruptive nocturnal behaviors, nightmares, and REM without atonia in trauma survivors","volume":"10","author":"Mysliwiec","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Sleep Med JCSM Off Publ Am Acad Sleep Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.06.032","article-title":"A\u00a0parallel group placebo controlled study of prazosin for trauma nightmares and sleep disturbance in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"61","author":"Raskind","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib7","series-title":"Did Civil War soldiers have PTSD?","author":"Horwitz","year":"2015"},{"issue":"05","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-194611000-00005","article-title":"Combat exhaustion","volume":"104","author":"Bartemeier","year":"1946","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.6.697","article-title":"Sleep disturbances as the hallmark of posstraumatic stress disorder","volume":"146","author":"Ross","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.3.344","article-title":"Long-term effects of extreme situational stress","volume":"144","author":"Hefez","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1975.tb01177.x","article-title":"Symptom development in Vietnam era veterans","volume":"45","author":"DeFazio","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.7.929","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in the Vietnam generation: findings from a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans","volume":"155","author":"Neylan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.119.10.913","article-title":"Psycho-anatomy of a disaster: a long term study of post-traumatic neuroses in survivors of a marine explosion","volume":"119","author":"Leopold","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.131.9.981","article-title":"Rape trauma syndrome","volume":"131","author":"Burgess","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-199301000-00018","article-title":"Sleep disorders in children after burn injury","volume":"14","author":"Kravitz","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Burn Care Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2010.01.003","article-title":"Frequency and content of dreams associated with trauma","volume":"5","author":"Duval","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2007.03.004","article-title":"Nightmares: a new neurocognitive model","volume":"11","author":"Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib18","series-title":"Effects of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake on frequency and content of nightmares","author":"Rosenhan","year":"1992"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib19","first-page":"546","article-title":"Sleep patterns in three acute combat fatigue cases","volume":"39","author":"Schlosberg","year":"1978","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.136.2.175","article-title":"Long-term effects of traumatic war-related events on sleep","volume":"136","author":"Lavie","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.2.187","article-title":"Nightmares and trauma: a comparison of nightmares after combat with lifelong nightmares in veterans","volume":"141","author":"Van der Kolk","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)91152-5","article-title":"Rapid eye movement sleep disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"35","author":"Ross","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib23","series-title":"Sleep disturbance and PTSD","author":"Lipper","year":"1989"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1972.tb01416.x","article-title":"War neuroses and the adaptive function of REM sleep","volume":"45","author":"Greenberg","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br J Med Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib25","first-page":"113","article-title":"Sleep in delayed stress victims","volume":"11","author":"Kramer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sleep Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib26","first-page":"983","article-title":"Increased sleep motility and respiration rates in combat neurotic patients","volume":"14","author":"Lavie","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib27","first-page":"723","article-title":"Motor dysfunction during sleep in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"17","author":"Ross","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sleep J Sleep Res Sleep Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199709000-00016","article-title":"Increased nocturnal activity and impaired sleep maintenance in abused children","volume":"36","author":"Glod","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00071-4","article-title":"Sleep pathophysiology in posttraumatic stress disorder and idiopathic nightmare sufferers","volume":"54","author":"Germain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.1.110","article-title":"Sleep events among veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"152","author":"Mellman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.06.004","article-title":"Insomnia characteristics and clinical correlates in Operation Enduring Freedom\/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury: an exploratory study","volume":"12","author":"Wallace","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00917-3","article-title":"Laboratory sleep correlates of nightmare complaint in PTSD inpatients","volume":"48","author":"Woodward","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/25.6.669","article-title":"Movement during sleep: associations with posttraumatic stress disorder, nightmares, and comorbid panic disorder","volume":"25","author":"Woodward","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00037-7","article-title":"Elevated awaking thresholds during sleep: characteristics of chronic war-related posttraumatic stress disorder patients","volume":"44","author":"Lavie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034958","article-title":"Sleep disturbance is common among servicemembers and veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom","volume":"11","author":"Plumb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.2.331","article-title":"Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93 cases","volume":"123","author":"Olson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.5665\/SLEEP.1236","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of short sleep duration in redeployed OIF soldiers","volume":"34","author":"Luxton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib38","first-page":"63","article-title":"Therapeutic implications of the nightmares of Vietnam combat veterans","volume":"1","author":"Ziarnowski","year":"1984","journal-title":"VA Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199111000-00003","article-title":"Sleep and dreaming in Holocaust survivors dramatic decrease in dream recall in well-adjusted survivors","volume":"179","author":"Kaminer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib40","first-page":"102","article-title":"Psychological and behavioral features of disturbed dreamers","volume":"9","author":"Kramer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychiatr J Univ Ott"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1177\/000306517001800401","article-title":"A\u00a0psychophysiological study of nightmares","volume":"18","author":"Fisher","year":"1970","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Psychoanal Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.11.001","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and sleep-disordered breathing: a review of comorbidity research","volume":"24","author":"Krakow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2013.09.004","article-title":"Longitudinal relationships of insomnia, nightmares, and PTSD severity in recent combat veterans","volume":"75","author":"Pigeon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.03.2108","article-title":"Higher pretreatment blood pressure is associated with greater PTSD symptom reduction in soldiers treated with prazosin","volume":"80","author":"Raskind","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12081133","article-title":"A\u00a0trial of prazosin for combat trauma PTSD with nightmares in active-duty soldiers returned from Iraq and Afghanistan","volume":"170","author":"Raskind","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12926","article-title":"Prazosin for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid alcohol dependence: a clinical trial","volume":"40","author":"Petrakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00201-2","article-title":"Sleep in a community sample of elderly war veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"47","author":"Engdahl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5332","article-title":"The clinical phenotype of idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder at presentation: a study in 203 consecutive patients","volume":"39","author":"Fernandez-Arcos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(98)00032-2","article-title":"Daily reports of posttraumatic nightmares and anxiety dreams in Dutch war victims","volume":"12","author":"Schreuder","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2007.09.003","article-title":"Sleep-specific mechanisms underlying posttraumatic stress disorder: integrative review and neurobiological hypotheses","volume":"12","author":"Germain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.05.007","article-title":"A\u00a0window into the invisible wound of war: functional neuroimaging of REM sleep in returning combat veterans with PTSD","volume":"211","author":"Germain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-72-160797-7\/50084-7","article-title":"Nightmares and other common dream disturbances","volume":"4","author":"Nielsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Princ Pract Sleep Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.03.004","article-title":"A\u00a0meta-analysis of structural brain abnormalities in PTSD","volume":"30","author":"Karl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00134","article-title":"Neurobiology of sleep disturbances in PTSD patients and traumatized controls: MRI and SPECT findings","volume":"6","author":"Nardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.7.1173","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-wake cycle. An H2 (15) O PET study","volume":"120","author":"Braun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf103","article-title":"Human regional cerebral glucose metabolism during non-rapid eye movement sleep in relation to waking","volume":"125","author":"Nofzinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.06.005","article-title":"Neural circuits and mechanisms involved in Pavlovian fear conditioning: a critical review","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-07-02517.1988","article-title":"Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear","volume":"8","author":"LeDoux","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000812","article-title":"The amygdala: vigilance and emotion","volume":"6","author":"Davis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3109\/10253899609001101","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone microinfusion in the central amygdala enhances active behaviour responses in the conditioned defensive burying paradigm","volume":"1","author":"Wiersma","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/71145","article-title":"Different lateral amygdala outputs mediate reactions and actions elicited by a fear-arousing stimulus","volume":"3","author":"Amorapanth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib62","series-title":"The midbrain periaqueductal gray matter","first-page":"151","article-title":"The midbrain periaqueductal gray as a coordinator of action in response to fear and anxiety","author":"Fanselow","year":"1991"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.8.1227","article-title":"CSF norepinephrine concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"158","author":"Geracioti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)00238-X","article-title":"Nocturnal\/daytime urine noradrenergic measures and sleep in combat-related PTSD","volume":"38","author":"Mellman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib65","first-page":"539","article-title":"Role of norepinephrine in the regulation of rapid eye movement sleep","volume":"27","author":"Mallick","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)90561-2","article-title":"Facilitation of spinal motoneurone excitability by 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline","volume":"188","author":"White","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib67","series-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder","first-page":"213","article-title":"The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system and stress: implications for post-traumatic stress disorder","author":"Berridge","year":"2009"},{"issue":"6596","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/383163a0","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming","volume":"383","author":"Maquet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.162.3.413","article-title":"Human sleep, sleep loss and behaviour: implications for the prefrontal cortex and psychiatric disorder","volume":"162","author":"Horne","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.8.1039","article-title":"Disorders of arousal from sleep and violent be-havior: the role of physical contact and proximity","volume":"30","author":"Pressman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.05.008","article-title":"Sleep disturbances, TBI and PTSD: implications for treatment and recovery","volume":"40","author":"Gilbert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"5472","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5472.1769","article-title":"Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain","volume":"288","author":"Price","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1087","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI","volume":"16","author":"Phan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.03.012","article-title":"How does the brain deal with cumulative stress? A review with focus on developmental stress, HPA axis function and hippocampal structure in humans","volume":"52","author":"Frodl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"3 Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib75","first-page":"S146","article-title":"Are hippocampal size differences in posttraumatic stress disorder mediated by sleep pathology?","volume":"10","author":"Mohlenhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.02.005","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress symptoms correlate with smaller subgenual cingulate, caudate, and insula volumes in unmedicated combat veterans","volume":"203","author":"Herringa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00014","article-title":"Peritraumatic startle response predicts the vulnerability to develop PTSD-like behaviors in rats: a model for peritraumatic dissociation","volume":"8","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/15402000701263221","article-title":"Psychological stress is associated with heightened physiological arousal during NREM sleep in primary insomnia","volume":"5","author":"Hall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.01.008","article-title":"Trauma-induced insomnia: a novel model for trauma and sleep research","volume":"25","author":"Sinha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2012.01040.x","article-title":"Quantitative electroencephalography during rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep in combat-exposed veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"22","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sleep Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.12.018","article-title":"Heart rate variability during sleep and the early development of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"55","author":"Mellman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(00)00271-7","article-title":"PTSD-related hyperarousal assessed during sleep","volume":"70","author":"Woodward","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.11.011","article-title":"REM sleep deprivation affects extinction of cued but not contextual fear conditioning","volume":"84","author":"Silvestri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"7063","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04286","article-title":"Sleep-dependent memory consolidation","volume":"437","author":"Stickgold","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn155","article-title":"REM sleep, prefrontal theta, and the consolidation of human emotional memory","volume":"19","author":"Nishida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v3i0.19142","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and PTSD: a perpetual circle?","volume":"3","author":"van Liempt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.08.007","article-title":"The human emotional brain without sleep\u2014a prefrontal amygdala disconnect","volume":"17","author":"Yoo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112222","article-title":"Altered resting-state amygdala functional connectivity after 36 hours of total sleep deprivation","volume":"9","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.10.052","article-title":"REM sleep depotentiates amygdala activity to previous emotional experiences","volume":"21","author":"van der Helm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04416.x","article-title":"The role of sleep in cognition and emotion","volume":"1156","author":"Walker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann N. Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20246","article-title":"Relationships between REM sleep findings and PTSD symptoms during the early aftermath of trauma","volume":"20","author":"Mellman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2012.01.001","article-title":"Early-life trauma is associated with rapid eye movement sleep fragmentation among military veterans","volume":"89","author":"Insana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1696","article-title":"REM sleep and the early development of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"159","author":"Mellman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/9.2.293","article-title":"Chronic behavioral disorders of human REM sleep: a new category of parasomnia","volume":"9","author":"Schenck","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sleep"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1087079217300199?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1087079217300199?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T17:24:54Z","timestamp":1761067494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1087079217300199"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["S1087079217300199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1087-0792"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1087-0792","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Trauma associated sleep disorder: A parasomnia induced by trauma","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sleep Medicine Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}