{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:47:23Z","timestamp":1791308843756,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["287488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["287488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["319200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["319200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1060992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1060992"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1152945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1152945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T12:03:15Z","timestamp":1571227395000},"page":"101218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Magnesium supplementation for the treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Nathaniel S.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmina","family":"Serinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roo","family":"Killick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia M.","family":"Child","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Raisin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Callum M.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tea","family":"Lallukka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Wassing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard WW.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Ratnavadivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hima","family":"Vedam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Grunstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith KH.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla M.","family":"Hoyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Cayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Comas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia L.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendon J.","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.03.025","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome\/Willis\u2013Ekbom disease diagnostic criteria: updated International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) consensus criteria \u2013 history, rationale, description, and significance","volume":"15","author":"Allen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1986","article-title":"Update to the AASM clinical practice guideline: the treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults\u2014an update for 2012 : practice parameters with an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"35","author":"Aurora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(03)00010-8","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology: a report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health","volume":"4","author":"Allen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120111","article-title":"Clinical, polysomnographic, and genetic characteristics of restless legs syndrome: a study of 133 patients diagnosed with new standard criteria","volume":"12","author":"Montplaisir","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002542","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome associated with major diseases","volume":"86","author":"Trenkwalder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsx013","article-title":"Incident cardiovascular events and death in individuals with restless legs syndrome or periodic limb movements in sleep: a systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Kendzerska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.08.008","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome and cardiovascular disease: a research roadmap","volume":"31","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.05.014","article-title":"Periodic leg movements during sleep: phenotype, neurophysiology, and clinical significance","volume":"31","author":"Ferri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1986","article-title":"The treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults--an update for 2012: practice parameters with an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analyses: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"35","author":"Aurora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.01.017","article-title":"Guidelines for the first-line treatment of restless legs syndrome\/Willis\u2013Ekbom disease, prevention and treatment of dopaminergic augmentation: a combined task force of the IRLSSG, EURLSSG, and the RLS-foundation","volume":"21","author":"Garcia-Borreguero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2012.03853.x","article-title":"European guidelines on management of restless legs syndrome: report of a joint task force by the european federation of neurological societies, the european neurological society and the european sleep research society","volume":"19","author":"Garcia-Borreguero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2015.05.020","article-title":"Dopaminergic augmentation in restless legs syndrome\/willis-ekbom disease: identification and management","volume":"10","author":"Garc\u00eda-Borreguero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002504","article-title":"Incidence of augmentation in primary restless legs syndrome patients may not Be that high: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib14","series-title":"Principles and practice of sleep medicine","first-page":"923","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements during sleep","author":"Allen","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.9261","article-title":"Effect of magnesium oxide supplementation on nocturnal leg cramps: a randomized clinical TrialEffect of magnesium oxide supplementation on nocturnal leg CrampsEffect of magnesium oxide supplementation on nocturnal leg cramps","volume":"177","author":"Roguin Maor","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Int Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmt065","article-title":"Effect of magnesium therapy on nocturnal leg cramps: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials with meta-analysis using simulations","volume":"31","author":"Sebo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.10.009","article-title":"Consensus clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome\/Willis-Ekbom disease during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"22","author":"Picchietti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091202","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis of magnesium status","volume":"10","author":"Workinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26515","article-title":"Intravenous magnesium sulfate may relieve restless legs syndrome in pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Bartell","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsy237","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy237","article-title":"Prevalence and associated risk factors of periodic limb movement in sleep in two German population-based studies","volume":"42","author":"Szentkir\u00e1lyi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib21","first-page":"A289","article-title":"Magnesium therapy in patients with idiopathic restless legs syndrome: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double blind study","volume":"29","author":"Hornyak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib22","author":"Mendelski","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib23","series-title":"The Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib24","series-title":"Alcohol, alcoholismo, alcoholuria [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor","author":"Garrido-Lestache Cabrera","year":"1979"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-814739","article-title":"Case studies in movement disorders","volume":"23","author":"Evidente","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"issue":"105","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib26","first-page":"56","article-title":"Alternative medicine cabinet. Calm restless legs: get a step ahead of this common condition","author":"Marshall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Solut"},{"issue":"123","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib27","first-page":"54","article-title":"Alternative medicine cabinet. Rest for restless legs: tame twitches naturally with these 5 key nutrients","author":"Duncan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Solut"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib28","first-page":"26","article-title":"Nutritional treatments for restless legs syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Gaby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Integr Med\u2013 Clin J"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib29","first-page":"26","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome: the urge to move. [German]","volume":"153","author":"Schuster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharm Ztg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib30","first-page":"83","article-title":"Polysomnographic research in sleep disorders associated with magnesium deficiency","volume":"25","author":"Popoviciu","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurol Psychiatr (Bucur)."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib31","first-page":"498","article-title":"Insomnia and nutrition","volume":"23","author":"Taylor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib32","first-page":"427","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements during sleep in a patient with obstructive sleep apnea. [Polish]","volume":"38","author":"Jonczak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib33","first-page":"519","article-title":"Assessment of severity and therapeutical response in 70 patients with idiopathic and symptomatic form of restless legs syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Neykov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.08.952","article-title":"Primary restless legs syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus : efficacy of magnesium & co enzyme q10 therapy","volume":"357","author":"Metta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/21.5.501","article-title":"Magnesium therapy for periodic leg movements-related insomnia and restless legs syndrome: an open pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Hornyak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20257","article-title":"Ropinirole is effective in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. TREAT RLS 2: a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Walters","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib37","first-page":"A281","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid minus serum magnesium differences are greater in restless legs syndrome patients than controls","volume":"29","author":"Walters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.07.001","article-title":"Magnesium not likely to play a major role in the pathogenesis of Restless Legs Syndrome: serum and cerebrospinal fluid studies","volume":"8","author":"Walters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib39","first-page":"832","article-title":"Restless legs. [Norwegian]","volume":"124","author":"Filseth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00083-4","article-title":"39th annual meeting of the SENFC (Spanish society of clinical neurophysiology), seville, Spain, 10\u201312 december 2001","volume":"113","author":"Ferr\u00e1ndiz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(02)00258-7","article-title":"Validation of the international restless legs syndrome study group rating scale for restless legs syndrome","volume":"4","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep Med"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1087079219301868?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1087079219301868?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T12:31:18Z","timestamp":1778589078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1087079219301868"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S1087079219301868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218","relation":{},"ISSN":["1087-0792"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1087-0792","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Magnesium supplementation for the treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sleep Medicine Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101218"}}