{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:02:42Z","timestamp":1784678562804,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,6,24]],"date-time":"2027-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1813795200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":266,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sensors and Actuators A: Physical"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T06:14:05Z","timestamp":1781936045000},"page":"118125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Electrothermally addressable liquid crystal elastomer microactuator arrays with integrated microheaters"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"409","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8267-9998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7909-8973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayer","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0722-3402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongrui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4433","article-title":"Programmable and adaptive mechanics with liquid crystal polymer networks and elastomers","volume":"14","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"6225","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1261019","article-title":"Voxelated liquid crystal elastomers","volume":"347","author":"Ware","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00359-z","article-title":"Synthesis and alignment of liquid crystalline elastomers","volume":"7","author":"Herbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202301027","article-title":"Structure-induced intelligence of liquid crystal elastomers","volume":"29","author":"Nie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37086-8","article-title":"Photothermally induced natural vibration for versatile and high-speed actuation of crystals","volume":"14","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2024.101829","article-title":"Liquid crystal elastomers for actuation: a perspective on structure-property-function relation","volume":"153","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202312313","article-title":"Embedded physical intelligence in liquid crystalline polymer actuators and robots","volume":"37","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/15421406.2021.1962488","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes modified nanocomposites based on liquid crystalline elastomers","volume":"732","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12601-y","article-title":"Robust thermoelastic microactuator based on an organic molecular crystal","volume":"10","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202513461","article-title":"Programmable liquid crystal elastomer-based reconfigurable RIGID foldable origami enabled by hybrid surface-induced alignment","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"n\/a","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0055","article-title":"Liquid crystalline elastomers in soft robotics: assessing promise and limitations","volume":"n\/a","author":"Speregen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Robot."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12528","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.521122","article-title":"Light-driven phase transition of diffractive optical elements based on liquid crystal elastomers","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62313-9","article-title":"Frequency-selective actuation of liquid crystalline elastomer actuators with radio-frequency","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202306952","article-title":"Fiber actuators based on reversible thermal responsive liquid crystal elastomer","volume":"20","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202002753","article-title":"3D microstructures of liquid crystal networks with programmed voxelated director fields","volume":"32","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-024-01810-6","article-title":"Artificial-goosebump-driven microactuation","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0085","article-title":"Untethered cylindrical liquid crystal elastomer actuators based on centrifugal fabrication process","volume":"512","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.172892","article-title":"Four-waveband-modulated liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) actuators for soft robotics based on optical wavelength selective actuation of dye-doped LCE materials","volume":"529","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44833","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c08464","article-title":"Optical wavelength selective photoactuation of nanometal-doped liquid crystalline elastomers by using surface plasmon resonance","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4246","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SM00134F","article-title":"Liquid crystalline elastomer self-oscillating fiber actuators fabricated from soft tubular molds","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202302774","article-title":"Self-assembled microactuators using chiral liquid crystal elastomers","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"7908","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04561-z","article-title":"Self-regulated non-reciprocal motions in single-material microstructures","volume":"605","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2025.3546852","article-title":"Fabrication of LCE microactuator arrays through soft lithography with surface alignment","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Microelectromechanical Syst."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1021\/accountsmr.3c00101","article-title":"Programming deformations of 3D microstructures: opportunities enabled by magnetic alignment of liquid crystalline elastomers","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acc. Mater. Res."},{"issue":"n\/a","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0125","article-title":"Spatially tailorable liquid crystalline elastomer alignment during digital light process 3D printing","volume":"n\/a","author":"Bischoff","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7206","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804702115","article-title":"Universal inverse design of surfaces with thin nematic elastomer sheets","volume":"115","author":"Aharoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36110","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b12943","article-title":"Precise control of lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal alignment through surface topography","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9637","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201603751","article-title":"Guided folding of nematic liquid crystal elastomer sheets into 3D via patterned 1D microchannels","volume":"28","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1021\/cr980079e","article-title":"Photoalignment of liquid-crystal systems","volume":"100","author":"Ichimura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0150","article-title":"Liquid crystal photoalignment technique: basics, developments, and flexible\/stretchable device applications","volume":"6","author":"Xi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Electron."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4850","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SM00544A","article-title":"Electrically driven liquid crystal network actuators","volume":"18","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24777","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c23028","article-title":"Multimaterial printing of liquid crystal elastomers with integrated stretchable electronics","volume":"15","author":"Vinciguerra","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adw8636","article-title":"LCE-integrated soft skin for millimeter-scale steerable soft everting robots","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax5746","article-title":"Electrically controlled liquid crystal elastomer\u2013based soft tubular actuator with multimodal actuation","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0175","series-title":"2014 IEEE 27th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS)","first-page":"905","article-title":"A thermotropic liquid crystal elastomer micro-actuator with integrated deformable micro-heater","author":"Petsch","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-021-00595-8","article-title":"Microheater: material, design, fabrication, temperature control, and applications\u2014a role in COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Jeroish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/6.0001892","article-title":"Comparative study of titanium, platinum, and titanium nitride thin films for micro-elecrto mechanical systems (MEMS) based micro-heaters","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0190","series-title":"Liquid Crystal Elastomers","author":"Warner","year":"2007"},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7171","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809083115","article-title":"Prepatterned liquid crystal elastomers as a step toward artificial morphogenesis","volume":"115","author":"Lavrentovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10659-021-09875-z","article-title":"A rod theory for liquid crystalline elastomers","volume":"153","author":"Goriely","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Elast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2020.104101","article-title":"A plate theory for nematic liquid crystalline solids","volume":"144","author":"Mihai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"}],"container-title":["Sensors and Actuators A: Physical"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S092442472600676X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S092442472600676X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T23:28:52Z","timestamp":1784676532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S092442472600676X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S092442472600676X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-4247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-4247","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Electrothermally addressable liquid crystal elastomer microactuator arrays with integrated microheaters","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sensors and Actuators A: Physical","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sna.2026.118125","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118125"}}