{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:32:14Z","timestamp":1784604734263,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","surgonc.theclinics.com","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]],"date-time":"2016-11-24T08:02:47Z","timestamp":1479974567000},"page":"143-161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Uncommon Anal Neoplasms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Amitesh C.","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wattchow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Astill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simron","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Pendlebury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Gormly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Segelov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2014.07.030","article-title":"Anal cancer: ESMO-ESSO-ESTRO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"40","author":"Glynne-Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990415)85:8<1686::AID-CNCR7>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Malignant tumors of the anal canal: the spectrum of disease, treatment, and outcomes","volume":"85","author":"Klas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6740-9","article-title":"Primary adenocarcinoma of the anus treated with combined modality therapy","volume":"46","author":"Beal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib4","first-page":"47","article-title":"Comparative survival of patients with anal adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the anus, and rectal adenocarcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Franklin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Colorectal Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib5","series-title":"Pathology and genetics of tumours of the digestive system","first-page":"145","article-title":"Tumours of the anal canal","author":"Fenger","year":"2000"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.5858\/2009-0668-RAR.1","article-title":"An update on tumors of the anal canal","volume":"134","author":"Shia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib7","first-page":"58","article-title":"Human papillomavirus detection in adenocarcinoma of the anus","volume":"4","author":"Koulos","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-009-0392-x","article-title":"Abdominal perineal resection improves survival for nonmetastatic adenocarcinoma of the anal canal","volume":"16","author":"Kounalakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib9","series-title":"American Joint Committee on Cancer staging manual","first-page":"165","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(99)80143-3","article-title":"Prognosis and recurrence patterns of anal adenocarcinoma","volume":"169","author":"Basik","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02591014","article-title":"Carcinoma of anal-ductal origin: report of a case","volume":"19","author":"Hagihara","year":"1976","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00313029800169565","article-title":"Mucinous anal gland carcinoma with perianal pagetoid spread","volume":"30","author":"Wong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2014.02.010","article-title":"Adenocarcinoma arising from an anal gland: report of a case","volume":"5","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20011015)92:8<2045::AID-CNCR1543>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Anal gland carcinoma","volume":"92","author":"Hobbs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s00795-006-0344-5","article-title":"Anal canal adenocarcinoma with MUC5AC expression suggestive of anal gland origin","volume":"40","author":"Kuroda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Mol Morphol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9098(199703)64:3<218::AID-JSO8>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Perianal mucinous adenocarcinoma","volume":"64","author":"Anthony","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1984.tb02342.x","article-title":"Mucinous adenocarcinoma in anorectal fistulae","volume":"8","author":"Jones","year":"1984","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237388","article-title":"Carcinoma arising in anorectal fistulas of Crohn's disease","volume":"41","author":"Ky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.45.3.261","article-title":"Synchronous squamous and glandular neoplasia of the anal canal","volume":"45","author":"Yeong","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2015.22.140.7875","article-title":"Adenocarcinoma arising from chronic perianal Crohn's disease: a case report","volume":"22","author":"Massit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2003.12.002","article-title":"Uncommon anal neoplasms","volume":"13","author":"Billingsley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surg Oncol Clin N Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(02)04118-4","article-title":"Chemoradiation for adenocarcinoma of the anus","volume":"55","author":"Papagikos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(03)00277-3","article-title":"Management of primary anal canal adenocarcinoma: a large retrospective study from the Rare Cancer Network","volume":"56","author":"Belkacemi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481508101122","article-title":"Anal adenocarcinoma: outcomes in an uncommon malignancy","volume":"81","author":"Bertelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/095952878907200114","article-title":"Pemphigus vegetans (neumann)","volume":"72","author":"Crocker","year":"1889","journal-title":"Med Chir Trans"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199802000-00004","article-title":"Perianal Paget's disease: a histologic and immunohistochemical study of 11 cases with and without associated rectal adenocarcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Goldblum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(85)70254-X","article-title":"Extramammary Paget's disease: prognosis and relationship to internal malignancy","volume":"13","author":"Chanda","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200007000-00016","article-title":"Extramammary Paget's disease","volume":"93","author":"Mehta","year":"2000","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02238576","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of anorectal melanoma","volume":"42","author":"Cagir","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2770","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002770","article-title":"Incidence, surgical treatment, and prognosis of anorectal melanoma From 1973 to 2011: a population-based SEER analysis","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21334","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for the occurrence of non-AIDS-defining cancers among human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals","volume":"104","author":"Burgi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0b013e32831ef262","article-title":"Primary melanomas of the esophagus and anorectum: epidemiologic comparison with melanoma of the skin","volume":"19","author":"Cote","year":"2009","journal-title":"Melanoma Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2014.08.002","article-title":"Malignant melanoma of anorectal region: a clinicopathologic study of 61 cases","volume":"18","author":"Tariq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Diagn Pathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02051925","article-title":"Anorectal malignant melanoma in Sweden. Report of 49 patients","volume":"33","author":"Goldman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19981015)83:8<1664::AID-CNCR23>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"The National Cancer Data Base report on cutaneous and noncutaneous melanoma: a summary of 84,836 cases from the past decade. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society","volume":"83","author":"Chang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-009-0705-0","article-title":"Practice patterns and outcomes for anorectal melanoma in the USA, reviewing three decades of treatment: is more extensive surgical resection beneficial in all patients?","volume":"17","author":"Iddings","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4592","article-title":"Surgical management of primary anorectal melanoma","volume":"91","author":"Pessaux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90849-8","article-title":"Epidemiology and prognosis of anorectal melanoma","volume":"104","author":"Weinstock","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2012.0034","article-title":"Mucosal melanoma: a clinically and biologically unique disease entity","volume":"10","author":"Carvajal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.2002.6848","article-title":"Mucosal melanoma of the female genital tract is a multifocal disorder","volume":"88","author":"Lotem","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02629543","article-title":"Malignant melanoma of the anus: report of 12 patients and analysis of 255 additional cases","volume":"25","author":"Cooper","year":"1982","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02052442","article-title":"Anorectal melanoma. A 64-year experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center","volume":"38","author":"Brady","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/S0748-7983(96)92346-X","article-title":"Anorectal melanoma in The Netherlands: a report of 63 patients","volume":"22","author":"Roumen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib44","series-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Melanoma in Australia and New Zealand","author":"Australian Cancer Network Melanoma Guidelines Revision Working Party","year":"2008"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000862","article-title":"Abdominoperineal resection provides better local control but equivalent overall survival to local excision of anorectal malignant melanoma: a systematic review","volume":"261","author":"Matsuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000225114.56565.f9","article-title":"The role of abdominoperineal resection as surgical therapy for anorectal melanoma","volume":"244","author":"Yeh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6784","article-title":"Importance of clear resection margins in anorectal malignant melanoma","volume":"97","author":"Nilsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2005.01.022","article-title":"Wide local excision or abdominoperineal resection as the initial treatment for anorectal melanoma?","volume":"189","author":"Droesch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1385\/IJGC:32:1:53","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node metastasis in anal melanoma: a case report","volume":"32","author":"Tien","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Gastrointest Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-012-2812-6","article-title":"Locoregional lymphadenectomy in the surgical management of anorectal melanoma","volume":"20","author":"Perez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4747","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26088","article-title":"Sphincter-sparing local excision and hypofractionated radiation therapy for anorectal melanoma: a 20-year experience","volume":"117","author":"Kelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4488","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-0739","article-title":"Phase II randomized trial comparing high-dose IFN-alpha2b with temozolomide plus cisplatin as systemic adjuvant therapy for resected mucosal melanoma","volume":"19","author":"Lian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.746","article-title":"KIT as a therapeutic target in metastatic melanoma","volume":"305","author":"Carvajal","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4340","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.06.2984","article-title":"Somatic activation of KIT in distinct subtypes of melanoma","volume":"24","author":"Curtin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib55","first-page":"34","article-title":"Genotyping of mucosal melanoma","volume":"3","author":"Si","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-2917","article-title":"KIT pathway alterations in mucosal melanomas of the vulva and other sites","volume":"17","author":"Omholt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.47.7836","article-title":"Imatinib for melanomas harboring mutationally activated or amplified KIT arising on mucosal, acral, and chronically sun-damaged skin","volume":"31","author":"Hodi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.33.9275","article-title":"Phase II, open-label, single-arm trial of imatinib mesylate in patients with metastatic melanoma harboring c-Kit mutation or amplification","volume":"29","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2012-0464","article-title":"Ipilimumab for patients with advanced mucosal melanoma","volume":"18","author":"Postow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.09.007","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ipilimumab 3mg\/kg in patients with pretreated, metastatic, mucosal melanoma","volume":"50","author":"Del Vecchio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib61","first-page":"789","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of nivolumab (NIVO) monotherapy in the treatment of advanced mucosal melanoma (MEL)","volume":"28","author":"Larkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1988.tb01939.x","article-title":"Primary malignant lymphoma of the colon and rectum. A histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 45 cases with clinicopathological correlations","volume":"12","author":"Shepherd","year":"1988","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib63","first-page":"327","article-title":"Management of less common tumors of the colon, rectum, and anus","volume":"5","author":"Cuffy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Colorectal Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2013.09.015","article-title":"Primary anorectal Hodgkin lymphoma: report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"45","author":"Ambrosio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21562","article-title":"Changes in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: incidence, presentation, treatment, and survival","volume":"106","author":"Diamond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1159\/000201447","article-title":"Malignant gastrointestinal lymphomas in patients with AIDS","volume":"58","author":"Heise","year":"1997","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199709000-00003","article-title":"EBV-associated anorectal lymphomas in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Ioachim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1223842","article-title":"Rare anorectal neoplasms: gastrointestinal stromal tumor, carcinoid, and lymphoma","volume":"22","author":"Peralta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199406000-00007","article-title":"Primary colonic lymphoma. Clinical presentation, histopathologic features, and outcome with combination chemotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Zighelboim","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237436","article-title":"Primary colorectal lymphoma","volume":"43","author":"Fan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000071","article-title":"Malignancies in HIV\/AIDS: from epidemiology to therapeutic challenges","volume":"28","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2012.44.3.157","article-title":"Current trends of the incidence and pathological diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) in Korea 2000-2009: multicenter study","volume":"44","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29099","article-title":"Exploring the rising incidence of neuroendocrine tumors: a population-based analysis of epidemiology, metastatic presentation, and outcomes","volume":"121","author":"Hallet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e3181ec124e","article-title":"The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems","volume":"39","author":"Klimstra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib75","series-title":"WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system","first-page":"13","article-title":"Nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system","author":"Rindi","year":"2010"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28721","article-title":"Gastroenteropancreatic high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma","volume":"120","author":"Sorbye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199312000-00008","article-title":"Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon. Correct diagnosis is important","volume":"17","author":"Simon","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11105","article-title":"A\u00a05-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors","volume":"97","author":"Modlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5858\/134.2.187","article-title":"Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoid tumors) of the stomach","volume":"134","author":"Washington","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-0548","article-title":"Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors with a morphologically apparent high-grade component: a pathway distinct from poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas","volume":"22","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0765-y","article-title":"Indications of endoscopic polypectomy for rectal carcinoid tumors and clinical usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography","volume":"48","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1159\/000335594","article-title":"ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms: colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"95","author":"Caplin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.166017","article-title":"The impact of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET\/CT imaging on management of patients with neuroendocrine tumors: experience from a National Referral Center in the United Kingdom","volume":"57","author":"Skoura","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nucl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0804-8","article-title":"Transanal endoscopic microsurgery: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Middleton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2011.02726.x","article-title":"Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal carcinoids: the largest reported United States experience","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e3181ec1261","article-title":"The NANETS consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (nets): well-differentiated nets of the distal colon and rectum","volume":"39","author":"Anthony","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.2008.02251.x","article-title":"Pedunculated polypoid lymphangioma of the anal canal","volume":"58","author":"Val-Bernal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200109000-00002","article-title":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumors, intramural leiomyomas, and leiomyosarcomas in the rectum and anus: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 144 cases","volume":"25","author":"Miettinen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200001000-00008","article-title":"Two hundred gastrointestinal stromal tumors: recurrence patterns and prognostic factors for survival","volume":"231","author":"DeMatteo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2010.03624.x","article-title":"DOG1 and CD117 are the antibodies of choice in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumours","volume":"57","author":"Novelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181a90e1a","article-title":"DOG1 antibody in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a study of 1840 cases","volume":"33","author":"Miettinen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib92","unstructured":"Solomon R, van Wijk R, Rossouw N. DOG-1: a breed showing K9 excellence. Available at: http:\/\/www.leicabiosystems.com\/pathologyleaders\/dog-1-a-breed-showing-k9-excellence\/. Accessed April 5, 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-007-9633-z","article-title":"Surgically managed gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a comparative and prognostic analysis","volume":"15","author":"Hassan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800710810","article-title":"Smooth muscle neoplasms of the rectum and anal canal","volume":"71","author":"Walsh","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br\u00a0J Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0687-8","article-title":"Evaluation of prognosis for malignant rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor by clinical parameters and immunohistochemical staining","volume":"47","author":"Changchien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800681208","article-title":"Basal cell carcinoma of the anus-a clinical study of 34 cases","volume":"68","author":"Nielsen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2013.75","article-title":"Clinicopathological analysis of basal cell carcinoma of the anal region and its distinction from basaloid squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"26","author":"Patil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(02)00057-9","article-title":"Anal neoplasms","volume":"82","author":"Moore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02238575","article-title":"Basal cell carcinoma of the perianal region: 20-year experience","volume":"42","author":"Paterson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.114588","article-title":"Perianal and genital basal cell carcinoma: a clinicopathologic review of 51 cases","volume":"45","author":"Gibson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3693","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i13.3693","article-title":"Colonic and anal metastases from pancreato-biliary malignancies","volume":"20","author":"Ejtehadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.12.9","article-title":"Anal metastasis from breast cancer: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Bochicchio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.1388","article-title":"Anal metastasis from recurrent breast lobular carcinoma: a case report","volume":"15","author":"Puglisi","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-005-0235-0","article-title":"Anal localization as first manifestation of metastatic ductal breast carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Haberstich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"issue":"722","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.61.722.1081","article-title":"Metastatic carcinoma of the breast in the anal canal","volume":"61","author":"Dawson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01367465","article-title":"Anal metastasis from carcinoma of the lung: report of a case","volume":"24","author":"Kawahara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e318205e116","article-title":"Anal metastasis of colorectal carcinoma origin: implications for diagnosis and treatment strategy","volume":"54","author":"Takahashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"}],"container-title":["Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1055320716300424?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1055320716300424?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T12:00:19Z","timestamp":1760961619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1055320716300424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1055320716300424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1055-3207"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1055-3207","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Uncommon Anal Neoplasms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soc.2016.07.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}