{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:02:51Z","timestamp":1786996971925,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]],"date-time":"2004-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1086048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,15]],"date-time":"2003-10-15T10:37:52Z","timestamp":1066214272000},"page":"2363-2369","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Unloading the trunk: neurasthenia, CFS and race"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Luthra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Wessely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.12.1638","article-title":"Neurasthenia and the chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"148","author":"Abbey","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)63017-7","article-title":"Sick building syndrome\u2014a wolf in sheeps clothing","volume":"79","author":"Bardana","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annals of Allergy Asthma and Immunology"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.153.24.2759","article-title":"Prevalence of fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome in a primary care practice","volume":"153","author":"Bates","year":"1993","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB4","first-page":"1520","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome and primary fibromyalgia syndrome in The Netherlands","volume":"141","author":"Bazelmans","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nederlands Tijdschrift Geneeskunde"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM186904290801301","article-title":"Neurasthenia or nervous exhaustion","volume":"3","author":"Beard","year":"1869","journal-title":"Boston Medical Surgery Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB6","first-page":"524","article-title":"Transactions of the American Neurological Association","volume":"9","author":"Beard","year":"1882","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB7","unstructured":"Bhugra, D. (1996). Depression across cultures. Primary care psychiatry, Vol. 2 (pp. 155\u2013165)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1300\/J092v02n01_05","article-title":"Race and ethnicity in patients with chronic fatigue","volume":"2","author":"Buchwald","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.257.17.2303","article-title":"Frequency of \u2018chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection\u2019 in a general medical practice","volume":"257","author":"Buchwald","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-2-199507150-00001","article-title":"Chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"123","author":"Buchwald","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB11","unstructured":"Burr, C. (1910). Neurasthenia. In W. Osler, & T. McCrae (Eds.), A system of medicine, Vol. 1910 (p. 725). London: Henry Frowde."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(96)00053-2","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome criteria in patients with other forms of unexplained chronic fatigue","volume":"31","author":"Chester","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB13","series-title":"Why M.E.? A guide to combatting post-viral illness","author":"Dawes","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB14","unstructured":"Dowsett, B. (1988). Why ME? In ME Association Newsletter Autumn (pp. 14\u201315)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB15","series-title":"Promethius the democrat. The birth of neurosis","author":"Drinka","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB16","series-title":"Promethius goes to Europe. The birth of neurosis","author":"Drinka","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198411000-00007","article-title":"Chronic mononucleosis syndrome","volume":"77","author":"Dubois","year":"1984","journal-title":"Southern Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.168.1.121","article-title":"A comparison of the characteristics of chronic fatigue syndrome in primary and tertiary care","volume":"168","author":"Euba","year":"1996","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB19","series-title":"Hope and help for chronic fatigue syndrome; the official guide of the CFS\/CFIDS network","author":"Feiden","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1987.tb133407.x","article-title":"\u201cRSI\u201d","volume":"147","author":"Ferguson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(96)00046-5","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of fatigue with relevance for the chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Fukuda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(95)71701-7","article-title":"The environmental somatization syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Goethe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB23","series-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome","first-page":"83","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic fatigue syndrome","author":"Gunn","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(97)87485-5","article-title":"Apparent poisoning by wood preservatives","volume":"43","author":"Gupta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB25","first-page":"2489","article-title":"Neurasthenia","volume":"70","author":"Haller","year":"1970","journal-title":"New York State Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB26","first-page":"473","article-title":"Neurasthenia","volume":"71","author":"Haller","year":"1971","journal-title":"New York State Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB27","first-page":"446","article-title":"A word for Dr. Beard","volume":"20","author":"Hammond","year":"1881","journal-title":"The Medical Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(96)00374-1","article-title":"Hypersensitivity to electricity","volume":"42","author":"Hillert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-196501000-00016","article-title":"Epidemic neuromyasthenia","volume":"249","author":"Holt","year":"1965","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB30","unstructured":"Hoskins, J. (1993). Taking your ME on holiday. In Interaction. No.14, Autumn (pp. 56\u201359)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1177\/003693308803300607","article-title":"The epidemiology of post viral fatigue syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Ho-Yen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Scottish Medical Journal"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.18.2129","article-title":"A community-based study of chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"159","author":"Jason","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives of International Medicine"},{"issue":"3A","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00159-4","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome among nurses","volume":"105","author":"Jason","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(92)90154-F","article-title":"Epidemiologic studies of electric and magnetic fields and cancer","volume":"45","author":"Jauchem","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.3.264","article-title":"Reviewing the reviews","volume":"280","author":"Joyce","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.272.13.1070","article-title":"A brief history of chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"272","author":"Kim","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796004357","article-title":"A population-based incidence study of chronic fatigue","volume":"27","author":"Lawrie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychological medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6931.732","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"308","author":"Lawrie","year":"1994","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.166.6.793","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome in the community","volume":"166","author":"Lawrie","year":"1995","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB40","first-page":"587","article-title":"La Neurasthenie, Maladie de Beard. Reviews","volume":"37","author":"Levillain","year":"1891","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Sciences"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.Supplement_1.S117","article-title":"Introduction","volume":"18","author":"Levy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Disease"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1990.tb126191.x","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome in an Australian population","volume":"153","author":"Lloyd","year":"1990","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00515-9","article-title":"A systematic review and critical evaluation of the immunology of chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Lyall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.272.22.1719","article-title":"The legitimacy of neurasthenia (reply to letter)","volume":"272","author":"Martensen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5687.7","article-title":"Royal free epidemic of 1955; a reconsideration","volume":"i","author":"McEvedy","year":"1970","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.6.75","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of chronic fatigue syndrome based on a nationwide survey in Japan","volume":"6","author":"Minowa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB47","series-title":"Hysteria and neurasthenia","author":"Mitchell Clarke","year":"1905"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-693X(99)80240-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of respiratory allergy in children","volume":"6","author":"Pin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB49","first-page":"514","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome and associated symptoms in the community","volume":"107","author":"Price","year":"1992","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB50","unstructured":"Samec Trust, 2000. Experiences of Black and Ethnic Minorities with ME and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). The SAMEC Trust Research Centre, Crown House Suite 202 North Circular Road, London NW10 9PN."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(96)00049-0","article-title":"Fatiguing illness among employees in three large state office buildings, California, 1993","volume":"31","author":"Shefer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB51","unstructured":"Shepherd, C. (1993). Living with ME (1993). Vermilion."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB53","first-page":"33","article-title":"The uses of diagnosis","volume":"32","author":"Sicherman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the History of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023263303987","article-title":"The relationship between ethnicity and fatigue in a community based sample","volume":"4","author":"Song","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Gender, Culture and Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB55","first-page":"122","article-title":"Book notices and reviews","volume":"8","author":"Spitzka","year":"1881","journal-title":"St. Louis Clinical Record"},{"issue":"3A","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00158-2","article-title":"The epidemiology of chronic fatigue in San Francisco","volume":"105","author":"Steele","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB57","first-page":"59","article-title":"Symptoms and differential diagnosis of patients fearing mercury toxicity from amalgam fillings","volume":"23","author":"Sternman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health"},{"issue":"3 Pt. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70465-3","article-title":"Childhood environment and adult atopy","volume":"103","author":"Svanes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB59","first-page":"301","article-title":"English melancholy and American nervousness","volume":"32","author":"Veith","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic"},{"issue":"9106","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)10100-3","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of hay fever and atopy among children in Leipzig, East Germany","volume":"351","author":"Von Mutius","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00049312","article-title":"The psychological effects of ionising radiation","volume":"7","author":"Vyner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Culture Medicine and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072522","article-title":"Epidemiology","volume":"47","author":"Wallace","year":"1991","journal-title":"British Medical Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700013210","article-title":"Old wine in new bottles","volume":"20","author":"Wessely","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB64","series-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome","first-page":"41","article-title":"The history of chronic fatigue syndrome","author":"Wessely","year":"1994"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB65","first-page":"17","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Wessely","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.9.1449","article-title":"The prevalence and morbidity of chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Wessely","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB67","series-title":"Chronic fatigue and its syndromes. CFS and psychiatric disorder","author":"Wessely","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB68","series-title":"Chronic fatigue and its syndromes. CFS","author":"Wessely","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031_BIB69","series-title":"Chronic fatigue and its syndromes. CFS","author":"Wessely","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953603004556?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953603004556?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T23:24:35Z","timestamp":1585178675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953603004556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0277953603004556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.031","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]}}}