{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:38:29Z","timestamp":1791340709651,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,9]],"date-time":"2003-12-09T11:55:53Z","timestamp":1070970953000},"page":"361-376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Geographical variation in acute psychiatric admissions within New York City 1990\u20132000: growing inequalities in service use?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Almog","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Copeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Congdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB1","series-title":"Social determinants of health","first-page":"81","article-title":"Living in a high unemployment economy","author":"Bartley","year":"1999"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.50.4.525","article-title":"Psychosocial rehabilitation services in community support systems","volume":"50","author":"Barton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/002076400104700301","article-title":"Transcultural psychiatry","volume":"47","author":"Bhui","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.2307\/3350358","article-title":"Psychiatric reimbursement reform in New York State","volume":"72","author":"Boyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Milbank Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB5","series-title":"Integrated mental health services","author":"Breakey","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB6","series-title":"Social origins of depression","author":"Brown","year":"1978"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689608900505","article-title":"Schizophrenia in Afro-Caribbean immigrants","volume":"89","author":"Callan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(96)01818-0","article-title":"An R-squared measure of goodness of fit for some common nonlinear regression models","volume":"77","author":"Cameron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB9","series-title":"A formula for distributing NHS revenues based on small area use of hospital beds","author":"Carr-Hill","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB10","series-title":"The analysis of small area social change","author":"Congdon","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2307\/2983329","article-title":"The epidemiology of suicide in London","volume":"159","author":"Congdon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Series A"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1080\/0042098966574","article-title":"General linear gravity models for the impact of casualty unit closure","volume":"33","author":"Congdon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Urban Studies"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1080\/0042098983908","article-title":"Assessing psychiatric morbidity from a community register","volume":"35","author":"Congdon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Urban Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB14","series-title":"The ecological relationship between deprivation, social isolation and rates of hospital admission for acute psychiatric care; a comparison of London and New York City","author":"Curtis","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB15","series-title":"Landscapes of despair","author":"Dear","year":"1987"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.6.786","article-title":"Use and costs of ambulatory care services among Medicare enrollees with schizophrenia","volume":"52","author":"Dixon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB17","unstructured":"Dohwenrend, B., Levav, I., Shrout, P., Schwartz, S., Naveh, G., Link, B., Skodol, & A., Stueve, A. (1992). Socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders: The causation-selection issue. Science NS, 255, 946\u2013952."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB18","series-title":"Mental health services: A public perspective","article-title":"Mental health services","author":"Elpers","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB19","series-title":"Managing fragmented public mental health services. With an introduction by Richard C. Surles","author":"Frank","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.49.3.327","article-title":"The effects of public managed care on patterns of intensive use of inpatient psychiatric services","volume":"49","author":"Geller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB21","series-title":"Bayesian data analysis","author":"Gelman","year":"1995"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050027","article-title":"A needs index for mental health care","volume":"33","author":"Glover","year":"1998","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.50.5.659","article-title":"The obligation of mental health services to the least well off","volume":"50","author":"Goldman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2307\/3350267","article-title":"Government and Mental Health Policy\u2014A structural analysis","volume":"72","author":"Grob","year":"1994","journal-title":"Milbank Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796004643","article-title":"Increased incidence of psychotic disorders in migrants from the Caribbean to the United Kingdom","volume":"27","author":"Harrison","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(92)90284-C","article-title":"The Camden Schizophrenia Surveys-Chronic Mental Illness in Primary Care","volume":"6","author":"Harvey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701003993","article-title":"The influence of the economic and social environment on deliberate self-harm and suicide","volume":"31","author":"Hawton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798007910","article-title":"Socio-economic factors that predict psychiatric admissions at a local level","volume":"29","author":"Koppel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-2527(00)00035-2","article-title":"The US mental health system of the 1990s\u2014The challenges of managed care","volume":"23","author":"Manderscheid","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.19.4.108","article-title":"Spending on mental health and substance abuse treatment, 1987\u20131997\u2014Public payers picked up a growing share of the mental health\/substance abuse treatment bill during 1987\u20141997","volume":"19","author":"Mark","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB31","first-page":"277","article-title":"Utilization of specialty mental health care among persons with severe mental illness","volume":"35","author":"McAlpine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB32","series-title":"Generalized linear models","author":"McCullagh","year":"1989"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.9.785","article-title":"Changing patterns of psychiatric inpatient care in the United States, 1988\u20131994","volume":"55","author":"Mechanic","year":"1998","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.53.2.157","article-title":"Managed behavioral health care in the public sector","volume":"53","author":"Mowbray","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB35","series-title":"Ethnicity and mental health","author":"Nazroo","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB36","series-title":"Analysing change","author":"Plewis","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00788900","article-title":"Explaining social class differences in psychological health among young adults","volume":"27","author":"Power","year":"1992","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB38","series-title":"Mental health service provision for a multi-cultural society","first-page":"100","article-title":"Mental well being in a multi-ethnic society","author":"Preddie","year":"1999"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820140007001","article-title":"The de facto US mental and addictive disorders service system. Epidemiologic catchment area prospective 1-year prevalence rates of disorders and services","volume":"50","author":"Regier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB40","series-title":"From poorhouses to homelessness","author":"Rochefort","year":"1997"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1001860812441","article-title":"The delivery of mental health services in the 21st Century","volume":"36","author":"Rosenheck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Community Mental Health Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.51.11.1392","article-title":"Managed care and health care reform","volume":"51","author":"Sabin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806113382406","article-title":"Hospitalization costs associated with homelessness in New York City","volume":"338","author":"Salit","year":"1998","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.7.892","article-title":"Have general hospitals become chronic care institutions for the mentally ill?","volume":"148","author":"Salit","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.21.1.127","article-title":"Out of the frying pan","volume":"21","author":"Salit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00781312","article-title":"Community characteristics that affect hospitalization and rehospitalization rates in a municipal psychiatric hospital","volume":"14","author":"Schweitzer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Community Mental Health Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1068\/a130147","article-title":"Proximity and the formation of public attitudes towards mental illness","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"1981","journal-title":"Environment and Planning A"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.169.3.308","article-title":"An index of need for psychiatric services based on in-patient utilisation","volume":"169","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6629(199905)27:3<303::AID-JCOP5>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"African American service use for mental health problems","volume":"27","author":"Snowden","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB50","unstructured":"Spiegelhalter, D., Thomas, A., Best, N., & Lunn, D. (2003). WinBUGS User Manual, version 1.4. Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge University, UK."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00353","article-title":"Bayesian Measures of model complexity and fit","volume":"64","author":"Spiegelhalter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Royal Statistical Society B."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.5.361","article-title":"Social inequalities in depressive symptoms and physical functioning in the Whitehall II study","volume":"57","author":"Stansfeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916598302004","article-title":"Controversial facility siting in the urban environment\u2014resident and planner perceptions in the United States","volume":"30","author":"Takahashi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environment and Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB54","unstructured":"United Hospital Fund (1998). Psychiatric and Medical Rehabilitation Discharges Skyrocket at New York City Hospitals. Hospital Watch. New York. http:\/\/www.uhfnyc.org\/press_release3159\/press_release_show.htm?doc_id=99314"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB55","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services (2001). Culture, race, and ethnicity. A supplement to mental health: A report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700033845","article-title":"Psychotic illness in ethnic minorities; clarification from the 1991 census","volume":"26","author":"Van Os","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7090.1341","article-title":"Socio-Economic determinants of health","volume":"314","author":"Wallace","year":"1997","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(90)90175-R","article-title":"Urban desertification, public health and public order","volume":"31","author":"Wallace","year":"1990","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.1.92","article-title":"Adequacy of treatment for serious mental illness in the United States","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB60","unstructured":"WHO (1992). The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, tenth revision, Geneva, World Health Organization."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.51.11.1410","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of mental health case management over 20 years","volume":"51","author":"Ziguras","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.20.2.214","article-title":"Trends in mental health services use and spending, 1989\u20131996","volume":"20","author":"Zuvekas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Affairs"}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953603005598?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953603005598?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T16:16:33Z","timestamp":1682612193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953603005598"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0277953603005598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.10.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]}}}