{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T14:49:04Z","timestamp":1772894944750,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,22]],"date-time":"2009-01-22T09:26:52Z","timestamp":1232616412000},"page":"824-831","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The worlds of homeless white and African American youth in San Francisco, California: A cultural epidemiological comparison"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Hickler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colette L.","family":"Auerswald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00128-9","article-title":"Youth homelessness in San Francisco: a life cycle approach","volume":"54","author":"Auerswald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OLQ.0000109513.30732.B6","article-title":"Qualitative assessment of venues for purposive sampling of hard-to-reach youth: an illustration in a Latino community","volume":"31","author":"Auerswald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.09.006","article-title":"Street-based STD testing and treatment of youth are feasible, acceptable and effective","volume":"38","author":"Auerswald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib4","series-title":"Outreach-based STI testing accesses a higher-risk subgroup of homeless youth than clinic-based testing","author":"Auerswald","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa064115","article-title":"Release from prison \u2013 a high risk of death for former inmates","volume":"356","author":"Binswanger","year":"2007","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030452","article-title":"Reinterpreting ethnic patterns among white and African American men who inject heroin: a social science of medicine approach","volume":"3","author":"Bourgois","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLOS Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.17730\/humo.63.3.h1phxbhrb7m4mlv0","article-title":"The everyday violence of hepatitis C among young women who inject drugs in San Francisco","volume":"63","author":"Bourgois","year":"2004","journal-title":"Human Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib8","unstructured":"California Family Code (Section 6922)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.10.009","article-title":"Service utilization and the life cycle of youth homelessness","volume":"38","author":"Carlson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(97)00033-5","article-title":"A risk profile of street youth in Northern California: implications for gender-specific human immunodeficiency virus prevention","volume":"20","author":"Clements","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.13.2.131.19739","article-title":"HIV risk behavior and HIV testing: a comparison of rates and associated factors among homeless and runaway adolescents in two cities","volume":"13","author":"De Rosa","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS Education and Prevention"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(99)00043-9","article-title":"HIV-risk behaviors associated with homelessness characteristics in youth","volume":"25","author":"Ennett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00273-1","article-title":"Health and access to care: perspectives of homeless youth in Baltimore City, U.S.A","volume":"47","author":"Ensign","year":"1998","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.2.229","article-title":"Substance use among runaway and homeless youth in three national samples","volume":"87","author":"Greene","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.02.001","article-title":"From home to street: understanding young people's transitions into homelessness","volume":"28","author":"Hyde","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1995.02170180043006","article-title":"Street youth in Los Angeles: profile of a group at high risk for human Immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"149","author":"Kipke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(97)00037-2","article-title":"Homeless youth and their exposure to and involvement in violence while living on the streets","volume":"20","author":"Kipke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.1.108","article-title":"HIV seroprevalence among street-recruited injection drug and crack cocaine users in 16 U.S. municipalities","volume":"88","author":"Kral","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.065094","article-title":"Revolving doors: imprisonment among the homeless and marginally housed population","volume":"95","author":"Kushel","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib20","series-title":"Tally's corner: A study of Negro streetcorner men","author":"Liebow","year":"1967"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib21","first-page":"138","article-title":"The Young Men's Survey: methods for estimating HIV seroprevalence and risk factors among young men who have sex with men","volume":"111","author":"MacKellar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib22","unstructured":"Marmot, M. (2008). William B. Graham prize for health services research acceptance speech. Washington, DC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib23","series-title":"The network paradigm in research on drug abuse, HIV, and other blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative methods for developing a venue-based sampling approach for a study of Latino adolescents' social and sexual networks","author":"Minnis","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200101000-00003","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of chlamydia, herpes, and viral hepatitis in a homeless adolescent population","volume":"28","author":"Noell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200307000-00005","article-title":"A theory of taking care of oneself grounded in experiences of homeless youth","volume":"52","author":"Rew","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nursing Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib26","first-page":"557","article-title":"Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among street youths","volume":"165","author":"Roy","year":"2001","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib27","first-page":"689","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection among street youths in Montreal","volume":"161","author":"Roy","year":"1999","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib28","first-page":"315","article-title":"Guidelines for adolescent health research","volume":"33","author":"Santelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib29","series-title":"Atlas-TI, version 4.2","author":"Scientific Software Development","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib30","series-title":"San Francisco sexually transmitted disease annual summary, 2006","author":"STD Control Section","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib31","series-title":"Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques","author":"Strauss","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib32","series-title":"Epidemiology and culture","author":"Trostle","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5365.867","article-title":"Adolescent sexual behavior, drug use, and violence: increased reporting with computer survey technology","volume":"280","author":"Turner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/026327698015002001","article-title":"Inside the Zone: the social art of the hustler in the Black American ghetto","volume":"15","author":"Wacquant","year":"1998","journal-title":"Theory, Culture and Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00181","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and co-occurring depressive symptoms, substance abuse, and conduct problems among runaway and homeless adolescents","volume":"71","author":"Whitbeck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.93.6.1050","article-title":"The \u201chustle\u201d: socioeconomic deprivation, urban drug trafficking, and low-income, African-American male gender identity","volume":"93","author":"Whitehead","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030_bib37","first-page":"142","article-title":"What happened to black San Francisco?","author":"Yogis","year":"2006","journal-title":"San Francisco Magazine"}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953608006801?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953608006801?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T17:59:49Z","timestamp":1684864789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953608006801"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0277953608006801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}}}