{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:58:16Z","timestamp":1791514696584,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,14]],"date-time":"2009-03-14T10:23:01Z","timestamp":1237026181000},"page":"1583-1590","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Do conditions in early life affect old-age mortality directly and indirectly? Evidence from 19th-century rural Sweden"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Tommy","family":"Bengtsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6ran","family":"Brostr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2307\/3348839","article-title":"Social class, life expectancy and overall mortality","volume":"45","author":"Antonovsky","year":"1967","journal-title":"Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib2","series-title":"Mothers, babies, and disease in later life","author":"Barker","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6998.171","article-title":"Fetal origins of coronary heart disease","volume":"1","author":"Barker","year":"1995","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib4","unstructured":"Beise, J., Desjardins, B., & Johansson, K. (2006). Early life conditions and adult mortality in the St. Lawrence valley, Canada, 1700\u20131850. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the population association of America, Los Angeles, CA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib5","series-title":"Old and new methods in historical demography","first-page":"239","article-title":"Combined time-series and life-event analysis: the impact of economic fluctuations and air temperature on adult mortality by sex and occupation in a Swedish mining parish","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib6","series-title":"Eurasian project on population and family history series no. 8","article-title":"Adult mortality in rural Sweden 1760\u20131895","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib7","series-title":"Population and economy. From hunger to modern economic growth","first-page":"301","article-title":"Inequality in death: effects of the agrarian revolution in southern Sweden, 1765\u20131865","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib8","series-title":"Life under pressure. Mortality and living standards in Europe and Asia, 1700\u20131900","first-page":"135","article-title":"Mortality and social class in four Scanian parishes, 1766\u20131865","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib9","series-title":"Cohort factors: How conditions in early-life influence mortality later in life","first-page":"61","article-title":"Early-life conditions and old-age mortality in a comparative perspective: 19th century Sweden and Belgium","volume":"Vol. V","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib10","unstructured":"Bengtsson, T., & Brostr\u00f6m, G. (2004) Family effects on mortality in older ages, southern Sweden, 1829\u20131894. Paper presented at the IUSSP-INED-EHESS symposium on the new history of kinship, Paris."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib11","series-title":"Eurasian project on population and family history series no. 10","article-title":"Economy and demography in western Scania, 1650\u20131900","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib12","series-title":"Living standards in the past. New evidences of standard of living in pre-industrial Europe and Asia","first-page":"341","article-title":"New evidence on the standard of living in Sweden during the 18th and 19th centuries: long-term development of the demographic response to short-term economic stress among landless in western Scania","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib13","unstructured":"Bengtsson, T., & Dribe, M. (2007). Socio-economic differences and family clustering of infant and child mortality: a multilevel analysis of rural southern Sweden, 1766\u20131895. Paper for the PAA annual meeting, New York, NY, March 29\u201331, Session 110: Long run trends and differentials in mortality."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/713779096","article-title":"Childhood misery and disease in later life: the effects on mortality in old age of hazards experienced in early life, southern Sweden, 1760\u20131894","volume":"54","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Population Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg061","article-title":"Airborne infectious diseases during infancy and mortality in later life, southern Sweden, 1766\u20131894","volume":"32","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib16","series-title":"eha: Event history analysis. R package version 1.0","author":"Brostr\u00f6m","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib17","series-title":"glm Generalized linear models with clustering. R package version 0.72-0","author":"Brostr\u00f6m","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib18","series-title":"Yrken och samh\u00e4llsgrupper: den sociala omgrupperingen i Sverige efter 1860","author":"Carlsson","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x","article-title":"Regression models and life-tables","volume":"34","author":"Cox","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020268100031474","article-title":"Observation on (1) error on age on the population statistics of England and Wales and (2) the changes of mortality indicated by the national records","volume":"58","author":"Derrick","year":"1927","journal-title":"Journal of the Institute of Actuaries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib21","series-title":"Leaving home in a peasant society: Economic fluctuations, household dynamics and youth migration in southern Sweden, 1829\u20131866","author":"Dribe","year":"2000"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.2307\/3644718","article-title":"Effects of early-life conditions on adult mortality: a review","volume":"58","author":"Elo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Population Index"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib23","series-title":"What we know about health transition","article-title":"Personal health behaviour and the decline in infant and child mortality: the United States, 1900\u20131930","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Ewbank","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092556","article-title":"Inflammatory exposure and historical changes in human life-spans","volume":"305","author":"Finch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/03585522.1989.10408152","article-title":"The deformation of cohorts: nineteenth-century mortality in a generational perspective","volume":"37","author":"Fridlizius","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scandinavian Economic History Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxh008","article-title":"Childhood socio-economic circumstances and cause-specific mortality in adulthood: systematic review and interpretation","volume":"26","author":"Galobardes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiological Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.3950080302","article-title":"Detrending, stylized facts and the business cycle","volume":"8","author":"Harvey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Econometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib30","first-page":"77","article-title":"Sk\u00f6rdarna i Sverige och deras verkningar","author":"Hellstenius","year":"1871","journal-title":"Statistisk Tidskrift"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00350-6","article-title":"The socio-economic position of women, risk factors, and mortality","volume":"53","author":"Heslop","year":"2001","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib32","article-title":"Om spannm\u00e5lspris och spannm\u00e5lshandel","author":"J\u00e4rta","year":"1824","journal-title":"Odalmannen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)92530-3","article-title":"Death rates in Great Britain and Sweden: some regularities and their significance","author":"Kermack","year":"1934","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib34","series-title":"A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology","author":"Kuh","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib35","series-title":"Cohort factors: How conditions in early-life influence mortality later in life","first-page":"9","article-title":"A life course perspective to the modern secular mortality decline and socio-economic differences in morbidity and mortality in Sweden","volume":"Vol. V","author":"Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2307\/2626958","article-title":"Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease","volume":"35","author":"Link","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib37","unstructured":"Liuba, P. (2003). Arterial injury due to infections in early life. A possible link in coronary heart disease (Doctoral dissertation, Scripta Academia Lundensia). Lund, Sweden: Department of Paediatrics, Lund University Hospital."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib38","series-title":"Population and nutrition","author":"Livi-Bacci","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib39","series-title":"Meddelande fr\u00e5n Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen no. 23","article-title":"Levnadsstandarden \u2013 indikatorer och m\u00e5tt. Engelsk och svensk debatt om l\u00f6nearbetarnas villkor 1750\u20131850","author":"Lundh","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/036319909902400104","article-title":"Servant migration in the early nineteenth century","volume":"24","author":"Lundh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Family History"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib41","series-title":"The decline of mortality in Europe","first-page":"131","article-title":"Nutrition, immunity and infection","author":"Lunn","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011601","article-title":"Social and biological pathways linking early life and adult disease","volume":"53","author":"Power","year":"1997","journal-title":"British Medical Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib44","series-title":"Fatal years. Child mortality in late nineteenth-century America","author":"Preston","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00180-4","article-title":"Childhood conditions that predict survival to advanced ages among African-Americans","volume":"47","author":"Preston","year":"1998","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib46","series-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib47","series-title":"Rising life expectancy: A global history","author":"Riley","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib48","unstructured":"Schuster, K., & Sunder, M. (2005). Stature and twist of fate: evidence on the biological standard of living from the lives and deaths of 19th-century Bavarian men. Unpublished manuscript."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.2307\/203888","article-title":"Differential mortality in the United States before 1900","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Interdisciplinary History"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib50","series-title":"A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology","first-page":"242","article-title":"Socio-economic differentials","author":"Smith","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib51","series-title":"Det sk\u00e5nska jordbrukets utveckling 1801\u20131914, del 2\u20133","author":"Sommarin","year":"1939"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib52","unstructured":"Therneau, T., & Lumley, T. (2007). Survival: Survival analysis, including penalised likelihood. R package version 2.34. S original by Terry Therneau and ported by Thomas Lumley."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib53","series-title":"Modeling survival data: Extending the Cox model","author":"Therneau","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib55","series-title":"Socio-economic mortality differences in Europe","author":"Valkonen","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib56","article-title":"The demography of Victorian England and Wales","volume":"Vol. 35","author":"Woods","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020_bib57","series-title":"The population history of England 1541\u20131871. A reconstruction","author":"Wrigley","year":"1981"}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953609000926?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953609000926?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T11:03:06Z","timestamp":1739012586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953609000926"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0277953609000926"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}}}