{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T22:41:21Z","timestamp":1791758481417,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,10]],"date-time":"2010-12-10T09:15:03Z","timestamp":1291972503000},"page":"486-493","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Gender and the hygiene hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Sharyn","family":"Clough","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2006.06.031","article-title":"Sex differences in depression and anxiety disorders: potential biological determinants","volume":"50","author":"Altemus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hormones and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.4.308","article-title":"Depressive disorders in Europe: prevalence figures from the ODIN study","volume":"179","author":"Ayuso-Mateos","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib3","series-title":"The Fibromyalgia story: Medical authority and women\u2019s worlds of pain","author":"Barker","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90173-2","article-title":"Age and sex associations of 40 autoimmune diseases","volume":"96","author":"Beeson","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00402-X","article-title":"Gender matters: an integrated model for understanding men\u2019s and women\u2019s health","volume":"48","author":"Bird","year":"1999","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib6","series-title":"Gender and health: The effects of constrained choices and social policies","author":"Bird","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(99)00224-2","article-title":"Gender-related clinical differences in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"14","author":"Bogetto","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2307\/1131072","article-title":"Social interactions and play patterns of parents and toddlers with feminine, masculine, and neutral toys","volume":"60","author":"Caldera","year":"1989","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib9","first-page":"249","article-title":"Heart of the matter: the internal and external boundaries of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"34","author":"Castle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.184.5.393","article-title":"Reducing the global burden of depression: population-level analysis of intervention cost-effectiveness in 14 world regions","volume":"184","author":"Chisholm","year":"2004","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib11","first-page":"23","article-title":"Increasing incidence of Crohn\u2019s disease in India: is it related to improved sanitation?","volume":"24","author":"DeSai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.12.009","article-title":"Helminths as governors of immune-mediated inflammation","volume":"37","author":"Elliott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib13","series-title":"Inclusion: The politics of difference in medical research","author":"Epstein","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2008.11.005","article-title":"Can helminths or helminth-derived products be used in humans to prevent or treat allergic diseases?","volume":"30","author":"Erb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib15","series-title":"Investigating play in the 21st century","first-page":"3","article-title":"Genesis and evolution of American play and playgrounds","volume":"Vol. 7","author":"Frost","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1068\/a3237","article-title":"An example to us all: child development and identity construction in early 20th-century playgrounds","volume":"32","author":"Gagen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environment and Planning A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/28.1.169","article-title":"Nematode intestinal parasites of children in rural Guinea, Africa: prevalence and relationship to geophagia","volume":"28","author":"Glickman","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.127.6.773","article-title":"Development of gender differences in depression: an elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress theory","volume":"127","author":"Hankin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib19","series-title":"The loss of sadness: How psychiatry transformed normal sorrow into depressive disorder","author":"Horwitz","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib20","series-title":"Establishing medical reality: Essays in the metaphysics and epistemology of biomedical science","first-page":"179","article-title":"Maternal agency and the immunological paradox of pregnancy","author":"Howes","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-997-1004-8","article-title":"The evolutionary context of chronic allergic conditions: the Hiwi of Venezuela","volume":"8","author":"Hurtado","year":"1997","journal-title":"Human Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib57","series-title":"Allergy: The history of a modern malady","author":"Jackson","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1997.4412","article-title":"Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune diseases in the United States","volume":"84","author":"Jacobson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009413","article-title":"Gender differences in total and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentrations in a population-based cohort from birth to age four years","volume":"147","author":"Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00800.x","article-title":"Farm environment in childhood prevents the development of allergies","volume":"30","author":"Kilpel\u00e4inen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg156","article-title":"Genders, sexes, and health: what are the connections and why does it matter?","volume":"32","author":"Krieger","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2003.00204.x","article-title":"Gender differences in unipolar depression: an update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations","volume":"108","author":"Kuehner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib27","series-title":"Dirt, undress and difference: Critical perspectives on the body\u2019s surface","first-page":"213","article-title":"The politics of dirt and gender: body techniques in Bengali India","author":"Lamb","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1997.3726","article-title":"Pathways of lead exposure in urban children","volume":"74","author":"Lanphear","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.169.1.101","article-title":"Obsessive \u2013 compulsive disorder. Familial developmental history, symptomatology, comorbidity and course with special reference to gender-related differences","volume":"169","author":"Lensi","year":"1996","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.01.067","article-title":"Identification of an immune-responsive mesolimbocortical serotonergic system: potential role in regulation of emotional behavior","volume":"146","author":"Lowry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib31","article-title":"Early origins of inflammation: microbial exposures in infancy predict lower levels of C-reactive protein in adulthood","author":"McDade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of Royal Society of Britain, Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.2307\/2657264","article-title":"Becoming a gendered body: practices of preschools","volume":"63","author":"Martin","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2003.00161.x","article-title":"Are asthma and allergies in children and adolescents increasing? Results from ISAAC phase I and phase III surveys in Munster, Germany","volume":"58","author":"Maziak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-6185(90)90006-U","article-title":"Age of onset of major subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"4","author":"Minichiello","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00142","article-title":"Gender differences in depression","volume":"10","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2001","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdh220","article-title":"SRL172 (killed Mycobacterium vaccae) in addition to standard chemotherapy improves quality of life without affecting survival, in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: phase III results","volume":"15","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Oncolology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.7.587","article-title":"Therapeutic implications of sex differences in asthma and atopy: community child health, public health, and epidemiology","volume":"88","author":"Osman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.8.963","article-title":"Exposure to dogs and cats in the first year of life and risk of allergic sensitization at 6 to 7 years of age","volume":"288","author":"Ownby","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00288339","article-title":"Pink or blue: environmental gender stereotypes in the first two years of life","volume":"22","author":"Pomerleau","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib40","series-title":"Children\u2019s geographies: Playing, living, learning","article-title":"Children\u2019s strategies for creating playspaces: negotiating independence in rural Bolivia","author":"Punch","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib41","series-title":"Obsessions and Compulsions","author":"Rachman","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib42","series-title":"Gendered innovations in science and engineering","first-page":"22","article-title":"When gender criticism becomes standard scientific practice: the case of sex determination genetics","author":"Richardson","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2007.00579.x","article-title":"Intradermal injection of heat- killed Mycobacterium vaccae in dogs with atopic dermatitis: a multicentre pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Ricklin-Gutzwiller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinary Dermatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2008.01.002","article-title":"The hygiene hypothesis and psychiatric disorders","volume":"29","author":"Rook","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends in Immunology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3180684310","article-title":"Epidemiology of and risk factors for Acinetobacter species bloodstream infection in children","volume":"26","author":"Segal","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2307\/1125560","article-title":"Common content in the speech of preschool children","volume":"9","author":"Shirley","year":"1938","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/0954025910030203","article-title":"\u201cNature took its course\u201d? Student teachers and gender awareness","volume":"3","author":"Sikes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gender and Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.12.051","article-title":"Injections of Urocortin 1 into the Basolateral Amygdala induce anxiety-like behavior and c-Fos expression in brainstem serotonergic neurons","volume":"138","author":"Spiga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259","article-title":"Hay fever, hygiene, and household size","volume":"299","author":"Strachen","year":"1989","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.041749","article-title":"Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"54","author":"Summers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib51","series-title":"Gender play: Girls and boys in school","author":"Thorne","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib58","series-title":"The Gospel of germs: Men, women, and the microbe in American life","author":"Tomes","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib52","series-title":"The anthropology of infectious disease: International health perspectives","first-page":"241","article-title":"\u2018Digestive worms\u2019: ethnomedical approaches to intestinal parasitism in southern Ethiopia","author":"Vechiatto","year":"1997"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.9.1463","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases: a leading cause of death among young and middle- aged women in the United States","volume":"90","author":"Walsh","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3138\/jcfs.34.2.213","article-title":"Age, gender and socioeconomic differences in parental socialization preferences in Guyana","volume":"34","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Family Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0602-625","article-title":"Suppression of airway eosinophilia by killed Mycobacterium vaccae-induced allergen-specific regulatory T-cells","volume":"8","author":"Zuany-Amorim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0429-1","article-title":"The prevalence of Crohn\u2019s disease in Israel: a 20-year survey","volume":"54","author":"Zvidi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953610008154?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953610008154?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,14]],"date-time":"2020-06-14T13:49:27Z","timestamp":1592142567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953610008154"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0277953610008154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.11.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]}}}