{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:43:29Z","timestamp":1792788209444,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,4]],"date-time":"2014-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust project grant, and the nested study on stigma by a Wellcome Trust Clinical PhD Fellowship awarded to Mirja Koschorke","award":["087020\/Z\/08\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["087020\/Z\/08\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029chgv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship","award":["091834\/Z\/10\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["091834\/Z\/10\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029chgv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,18]],"date-time":"2014-10-18T18:04:41Z","timestamp":1413655481000},"page":"149-159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Experiences of stigma and discrimination of people with schizophrenia in India"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Mirja","family":"Koschorke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Padmavati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuba","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen A.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudipto","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesina","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smita","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujit","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Dabholkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhumitha","family":"Balaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Animish","family":"Chavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Varghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Thara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Thornicroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikram","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a02","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S136","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.105508","article-title":"Indianization of psychiatry utilizing Indian mental concepts","volume":"55","author":"Avasthi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.06.002","article-title":"Outcomes that matter: a qualitative study with persons with schizophrenia and their primary caregivers in India","volume":"5","author":"Balaji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-42","article-title":"The development of a lay health worker delivered collaborative community based intervention for people with schizophrenia in India","volume":"12","author":"Balaji","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib4","series-title":"Families of People with Schizophrenia: Cognitive Behavioural Interventions","author":"Barrowclough","year":"1992"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.03.007","article-title":"Development and psychometric evaluation of the Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC)","volume":"208","author":"Brohan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764006074538","article-title":"Stigma and explanatory models among people with schizophrenia and their relatives in Vellore, South India","volume":"53","author":"Charles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib8","article-title":"Customizing informed consent procedures for people with schizophrenia in India","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-12-12","article-title":"Collaborative community based care for people and their families living with schizophrenia in India: protocol for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"9926","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62629-X","article-title":"Effectiveness of a community-based intervention for people with schizophrenia and their caregivers in India (COPSI): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"383","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371205700804","article-title":"On the self-stigma of mental illness: stages, disclosure, and strategies for change","volume":"57","author":"Corrigan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x","article-title":"The qualitative research interview","volume":"40","author":"DiCicco-Bloom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib13","first-page":"157","article-title":"Anticipated and experienced discrimination amongst people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder","volume":"14","author":"Farrelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib14","series-title":"Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity","author":"Goffmann","year":"1963"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib15","series-title":"Qualitative Methods for Health Research","author":"Green","year":"2004"},{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a0(416)","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.107.s416.5.x","article-title":"The clinical global impression-schizophrenia scale: a simple instrument to measure the diversity of symptoms present in schizophrenia","author":"Haro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201100422","article-title":"England's time to change antistigma campaign: one-year outcomes of service user-rated experiences of discrimination","volume":"63","author":"Henderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/17441690600855778","article-title":"To have and to hold: a cross-cultural inquiry into marital prospects after psychosis","volume":"2","author":"Hopper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib19","unstructured":"International Institute for Population Sciences. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) India 2005-2006. Retrieved 22.12.11, from http:\/\/www.nfhsindia.org\/report.shtml."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.363","article-title":"Conceptualising stigma","volume":"27","author":"Link","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.09.030","article-title":"Correlates and consequences of internalized stigma for people living with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Livingston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.39758","article-title":"Experiences of stigma and discrimination endured by people suffering from schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"Loganathan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461511418872","article-title":"Living with schizophrenia in India: gender perspectives","volume":"48","author":"Loganathan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transcult. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0729-4","article-title":"Stigma in patients with schizophrenia receiving community mental health care: a review of qualitative studies","volume":"49","author":"Mestdagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib26","first-page":"28","article-title":"Stigma is universal but experiences are local","volume":"1","author":"Murthy","year":"2002","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib27","series-title":"Perspectives on the Stigma of Mental Illness","article-title":"Stigma of mental illness in the Third world","author":"Murthy","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib28","series-title":"NVivo Qualitative Data Analysis Software, Version 8","author":"QSR International Pty Ltd","year":"2008"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000144692.24993.1b","article-title":"Schizophrenia and the cultural epidemiology of stigma in Bangalore, India","volume":"192","author":"Raguram","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2003.08.008","article-title":"Internalized stigma of mental illness: psychometric properties of a new measure","volume":"121","author":"Ritsher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.57.3.399","article-title":"Self-stigma, empowerment, and perceived legitimacy of discrimination among women with mental illness","volume":"57","author":"Rusch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihs011","article-title":"Stigma and discrimination as a barrier to mental health servcie utilization in India","volume":"5","author":"Shidhaye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Health"},{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a02","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S283","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.105552","article-title":"Morality and moral development: traditional Hindu concepts","volume":"55","author":"Srivastava","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib34","series-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 11","author":"Stata Corp","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640030493008","article-title":"Women with schizophrenia and broken marriages\u2013doubly disadvantaged? part I: patient perspective","volume":"49","author":"Thara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.184.4.366","article-title":"Focus on psychiatry in India","volume":"184","author":"Thara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/002076400004600206","article-title":"How stigmatising is schizophrenia in India?","volume":"46","author":"Thara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib38","first-page":"64","article-title":"Marriage and gender in schizophrenia","volume":"39","author":"Thara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib39","series-title":"Shunned: Discrimination against People with Mental Illness","author":"Thornicroft","year":"2006"},{"issue":"9661","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61817-6","article-title":"Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"373","author":"Thornicroft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib41","series-title":"Attitudes to Mental Illness Research Report","author":"TNS UK Care Services Improvement Partnership","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.1.224","article-title":"The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach","volume":"26","author":"Victora","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/13648470120063906","article-title":"Psychiatric stigma across cultures: local validation in Bangalore and London","volume":"8","author":"Weiss","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anthropol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib44","series-title":"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders-Research and Diagnostic Criteria","author":"WHO","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.09.009","article-title":"\u201cWhat matters most:\u201d A cultural mechanism moderating structural vulnerability and moral experience of mental illness stigma","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.11.013","article-title":"Culture and stigma: adding moral experience to stigma theory","volume":"64","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu039","article-title":"Recent advances in cross-cultural measurement in psychiatric epidemiology: utilizing 'what matters most' to identify culture-specific aspects of stigma","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953614006881?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953614006881?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T06:06:32Z","timestamp":1565935592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953614006881"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0277953614006881"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Experiences of stigma and discrimination of people with schizophrenia in India","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.035","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}