{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T10:42:11Z","timestamp":1793788931670,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32MH020031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32MH020031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30MH062294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30MH062294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]],"date-time":"2015-11-11T01:48:16Z","timestamp":1447206496000},"page":"222-231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1451,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Transgender stigma and health: A critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4722-8179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaclyn M.","family":"White Hughto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sari L.","family":"Reisner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Pachankis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Patient protection and affordable care act","volume":"vol. 124","author":"ACA","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib2","series-title":"Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer and HIV-affected Hate Violence in 2013","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7599.2010.00595.x","article-title":"Transgender identity and health care: implications for psychosocial and physical evaluation","volume":"23","author":"Alegria","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Acad. Nurse Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.105.1.89","article-title":"Racial differences in stress-induced cardiovascular reactivity and hypertension: current status and substantive issues","volume":"105","author":"Anderson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib5","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (DSM-ii)","author":"APA","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib6","series-title":"The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM 5","author":"APA","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.1.80","article-title":"An organizing framework for collective identity: articulation and significance of multidimensionality","volume":"130","author":"Ashmore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.125.10.1412","article-title":"Transsexualism-problems in treatment","volume":"125","author":"Baker","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib9","series-title":"The Impact of Stigma on Transgender Identity Development and Mental Health. Gender Dysphoria and Disorders of Sex Development","first-page":"319","author":"Bockting","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1300\/J485v09n03_03","article-title":"Counseling and mental health care for transgender adults and loved ones","volume":"9","author":"Bockting","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Transgenderism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301241","article-title":"Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population","volume":"103","author":"Bockting","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib12","series-title":"Gender Outlaws: The Next Generation","author":"Bornstein","year":"2010"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300796","article-title":"Experiences of transgender-related discrimination and implications for health: results from the Virginia transgender health initiative study","volume":"103","author":"Bradford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1177\/1363460711406792","article-title":"Coming out for parents, families and friends of lesbians and gays: from support group grieving to love advocacy","volume":"14","author":"Broad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sexualities"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/15504280802191749","article-title":"Activist parenting and GLBTQ families","volume":"4","author":"Broad","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0GLBT Fam. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib16","author":"Bryant"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0160-1","article-title":"Reducing racial bias among health care providers: lessons from social-cognitive psychology","volume":"22","author":"Burgess","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0General Intern. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-012-9975-x","article-title":"Report of the American Psychiatric Association task force on treatment of gender identity disorder","volume":"41","author":"Byne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib19","first-page":"453","article-title":"Acute renal failure associated with cosmetic soft-tissue filler injections\u2013North Carolina, 2007","volume":"57","author":"CDC","year":"2008","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v51n03_04","article-title":"Attempted suicide among transgender persons: the influence of gender-based discrimination and victimization","volume":"51","author":"Clements-Nolle","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Homosex."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104502007003008","article-title":"Adolescents who are eligible for sex reassignment surgery: parental reports of emotional and behavioural problems","volume":"7","author":"Cohen-Kettenis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2011.700873","article-title":"Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, version 7","volume":"13","author":"Coleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Transgenderism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib23","series-title":"Deviance and Medicalization: From Badness to Sickness","author":"Conrad","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300315","article-title":"Transgender health in Massachusetts: results from a household probability sample of adults","volume":"102","author":"Conron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.09.023","article-title":"Intervening within and across levels: a multilevel approach to stigma and public health","volume":"103","author":"Cook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.57.3.393","article-title":"Three programs that use mass approaches to challenge the stigma of mental illness","volume":"57","author":"Corrigan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.06.004","article-title":"Measuring the impact of programs that challenge the public stigma of mental illness","volume":"30","author":"Corrigan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.03.032","article-title":"Assessing access to care for transgender and gender nonconforming people: a consideration of diversity in combating discrimination","volume":"110","author":"Cruz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1525\/srsp.2007.4.4.60","article-title":"Seeking refuge under the umbrella: inclusion, exclusion, and organizing within the category transgender","volume":"4","author":"Davidson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex. Res. Soc. Policy"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732308324247","article-title":"Knowledge legitimacy: how trans-patient behavior supports and challenges current medical knowledge","volume":"18","author":"Dewey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/2676357","article-title":"The role of adversity and stress in psychopathology: some evidence and its implications for theory and research","author":"Dohrenwend","year":"2000","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib32","series-title":"Gender identity diagnoses: history and controversies. Gender Dysphoria and Disorders of Sex Development: Progress in Care and Knowledge","first-page":"137","author":"Drescher","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/01634372.2013.855287","article-title":"Gender transitions in later life: the significance of time in queer aging","volume":"57","author":"Fabbre","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Gerontological Soc. Work"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/15574090802092879","article-title":"A\u00a0study of transgender adults and their non-transgender siblings on demographic characteristics, social support, and experiences of violence","volume":"3","author":"Factor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0LGBT Health Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1159\/000077845","article-title":"Secondary lymphoedema of the lower leg as an unusual side-effect of a liquid silicone injection in the hips and buttocks","volume":"208","author":"Gaber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.1998.45.1.03x0158b","article-title":"Conformity pressures and gender resistance among transgendered individuals","volume":"45","author":"Gagn\u00e9","year":"1998","journal-title":"Soc. Probl."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037171","article-title":"Gender minority stress, mental health, and relationship quality: a dyadic investigation of transgender women and their cisgender male partners","volume":"28","author":"Gamarel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Fam. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.03.023","article-title":"Overlooked, misunderstood and at-risk: exploring the lives and HIV risk of ethnic minority male-to-female transgender youth","volume":"38","author":"Garofalo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib39","series-title":"How Many People Are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender?","author":"Gates","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-010-9078-0","article-title":"Do US black women experience stress-related accelerated biological aging?","volume":"21","author":"Geronimus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib41","series-title":"Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity","author":"Goffman","year":"1963"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib42","series-title":"Injustice at Every Turn: a Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey","author":"Grant","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib43","first-page":"235","article-title":"Attitudes toward transsexualism and sex-reassignment procedures","author":"Green","year":"1969","journal-title":"Transsexualism Sex Reassignment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146514521215","article-title":"Multiple disadvantaged statuses and health the role of multiple forms of discrimination","volume":"55","author":"Grollman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Health Soc. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v51n01_06","article-title":"Transgender youth: invisible and vulnerable","volume":"51","author":"Grossman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Homosex."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.20.5.315","article-title":"Discrimination and unfair treatment: relationship to cardiovascular reactivity among African American and European American women","volume":"20","author":"Guyll","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1525\/srsp.2008.5.1.5","article-title":"Talking, gawking, or getting it done: provider trainings to increase cultural and clinical competence for transgender and gender-nonconforming patients and clients","volume":"5","author":"Hanssmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex. Res. Soc. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.06.005","article-title":"Structural stigma and all-cause mortality in sexual minority populations","volume":"103","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1, Suppl.\u00a0l.","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.08.010","article-title":"Inclusive anti-bullying policies and reduced risk of suicide attempts in lesbian and gay youth","volume":"53","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Adolesc. Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.153510","article-title":"State-level policies and psychiatric morbidity in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations","volume":"99","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.168815","article-title":"The impact of institutional discrimination on psychiatric disorders in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: a prospective study","volume":"100","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.4.455","article-title":"Minority stress predictors of HIV risk behavior, substance use, and depressive symptoms: results from a prospective study of bereaved gay men","volume":"27","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301069","article-title":"Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities","volume":"103","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000126","article-title":"Stressful life events, sexual orientation, and cardiometabolic risk among young adults in the United States","volume":"33","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib55","first-page":"67","article-title":"A\u00a0program for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals with major mental illness","volume":"8","author":"Hellman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Gay Lesbian Psychother."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029597","article-title":"A\u00a0conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: an adaptation of the minority stress model","volume":"43","author":"Hendricks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prof. Psychol. Res. Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-007-9299-3","article-title":"Estimating HIV prevalence and risk behaviors of transgender persons in the United States: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Herbst","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib58","first-page":"53","article-title":"Statistically speaking: the high rate of suicidality among transgender youth and access barriers to medical treatment in a society of gender dichotomy","volume":"28","author":"Huft","year":"2008","journal-title":"Children's Leg. Rights J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-007X.2013.00027.x","article-title":"Shame in sexual minorities: stigma, internal cognitions, and counseling considerations","volume":"58","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Couns. Values"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib60","first-page":"375","article-title":"Transgender health at the crossroads: legal norms, insurance markets, and the threat of healthcare reform","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Yale J. Health Policy Law Ethics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017198","article-title":"Experiences of familial acceptance-rejection among transwomen of color","volume":"23","author":"Koken","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Fam. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2307\/2626958","article-title":"Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease","author":"Link","year":"1995","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.07.035","article-title":"Stigma power","volume":"103","author":"Link","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.363","article-title":"Conceptualizing stigma","author":"Link","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"issue":"9509","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68184-1","article-title":"Stigma and its public health implications","volume":"367","author":"Link","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v42n01_05","article-title":"Gender violence: transgender experiences with violence and discrimination","volume":"42","author":"Lombardi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Homosex."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1300\/J485v08n02_09","article-title":"Identifying training needs of health-care providers related to treatment and care of transgendered patients: a qualitative needs assessment conducted in New England","volume":"8","author":"Lurie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Transgenderism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib68","series-title":"Families in Transition: Supporting Families of Transgender Youth. Critical Topics in Family Therapy","first-page":"119","author":"MacNish","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030358","article-title":"Intergroup relations and health disparities: a social psychological perspective","volume":"32","author":"Major","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib70","series-title":"The Fenway Guide to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health","author":"Makadon","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib71","series-title":"Bathroom Bill","author":"Massachusetts Family Institute","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib72","series-title":"PART 3: Public Accommodations","author":"MassResistance","year":"2008"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410180039004","article-title":"Stress and the individual: mechanisms leading to disease","volume":"153","author":"McEwen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.83.4.896","article-title":"Sensitivity to status-based rejection: implications for African American students' college experience","volume":"83","author":"Mendoza-Denton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Personality Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/19359705.2011.530576","article-title":"An affirmative intervention for families with gender-variant children: a process evaluation","volume":"15","author":"Menvielle","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Gay Lesbian Ment. Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200208000-00021","article-title":"A\u00a0support group for parents of gender-nonconforming boys","volume":"41","author":"Menvielle","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.2.262","article-title":"Prejudice as stress: conceptual and measurement problems","volume":"93","author":"Meyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674","article-title":"Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence","volume":"129","author":"Meyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib79","series-title":"How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States","author":"Meyerowitz","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1037\/sgd0000029","article-title":"Employment, mental health, internalized stigma, and coping with transphobia among transgender individuals","volume":"1","author":"Mizock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Sex. Orientat. Gend. Divers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib81","series-title":"A\u00a0Broken Bargain for Transgender Workers","author":"Movement Advancement Project","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib82","series-title":"I\u00a0Am Trans People Speak","author":"MTPC","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib83","series-title":"Invisible Lives: The Erasure of Transsexual and Transgendered People","author":"Namaste","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib84","series-title":"Scope of Explicitly Transgender-inclusive Anti-discrimination Laws","author":"National Gay and Lesbian Task Force","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib85","series-title":"Know Your Rights - Medicare","author":"NCTE","year":"2015"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.197285","article-title":"Social support, exposure to violence and transphobia, and correlates of depression among male-to-female transgender women with a history of sex work","volume":"101","author":"Nemoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/09540129947938","article-title":"HIV risk behaviours among male-to-female transgenders in comparison with homosexual or bisexual males and heterosexual females","volume":"11","author":"Nemoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0977-7","article-title":"Gender abuse and incident HIV\/STI among transgender women in New York city: buffering effect of involvement in a transgender community","volume":"19","author":"Nuttbrock","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1255","article-title":"Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender\u2013related content in undergraduate medical education","volume":"306","author":"Obedin-Maliver","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21636","article-title":"Stigma and the syndemic of HIV-related health risk behaviors in a diverse sample of transgender women","volume":"42","author":"Operario","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Community Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017580","article-title":"Expressive writing for gay-related stress: psychosocial benefits and mechanisms underlying improvement","volume":"78","author":"Pachankis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000037","article-title":"LGB-affirmative cognitive behavioral therapy for young adult gay and bisexual men: a randomized controlled trial of a transdiagnostic minority stress approach","volume":"83","author":"Pachankis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2015.1028322","article-title":"Individual-and structural-level risk factors for suicide attempts among transgender adults","volume":"41","author":"Perez-Brumer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.90.5.751","article-title":"A\u00a0meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory","volume":"90","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Personality Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.03.022","article-title":"Stigma and prejudice: one animal or two?","volume":"67","author":"Phelan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.02.019","article-title":"Managing uncertainty: a grounded theory of stigma in transgender health care encounters","volume":"84","author":"Poteat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1224","article-title":"Monitoring the health of transgender and other gender minority populations: validity of natal sex and gender identity survey items in a US national cohort of young adults","volume":"14","author":"Reisner","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2014.886321","article-title":"Gender minority social stress in adolescence: disparities in adolescent bullying and substance use by gender identity","volume":"52","author":"Reisner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Sex Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2014.932891","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in history of incarceration, experiences of victimization, and associated health indicators among transgender women in the US","volume":"54","author":"Reisner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Women & Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2015.0001","article-title":"Substance use to cope with stigma in healthcare among U.S. female-to-male trans masculine adults","author":"Reisner","year":"2015","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12127","article-title":"Legal protections in public accommodations settings: a critical public health issue for gender minority people","volume":"93","author":"Reisner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/15538605.2014.933468","article-title":"Cultivating positive LGBTQA identities: an intervention study with college students","volume":"8","author":"Riggle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0LGBT Issues Couns."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib102","first-page":"648","article-title":"Communicating effectively with transgender patients","volume":"78","author":"Samuel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.132035","article-title":"Health care utilization, barriers to care, and hormone usage among male-to-female transgender persons in New York city","volume":"99","author":"Sanchez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00274-4","article-title":"\u201cBeing dealt with as a whole person.\u201d Care seeking and adherence: the benefits of culturally competent care","volume":"52","author":"Schilder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib105","series-title":"Just One of the Guys?: Transgender Men and the Persistence of Gender Inequality","author":"Schilt","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1177\/0891243209340034","article-title":"Doing gender, doing heteronormativity \u201cgender normals,\u201d transgender people, and the social maintenance of heterosexuality","volume":"23","author":"Schilt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gend. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib107","first-page":"1","article-title":"Before and after: gender transitions, human capital, and workplace experiences","volume":"8","author":"Schilt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BE J. Econ. Analysis Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2004.51.1.61","article-title":"Creating emotional resonance: interpersonal emotion work and motivational framing in a transgender community","volume":"51","author":"Schrock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc. Probl."},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-012-0216-5","article-title":"Gender affirmation: a framework for conceptualizing risk behavior among transgender women of color","volume":"68","author":"Sevelius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex. Roles"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.07.019","article-title":"Parental support and mental health among transgender adolescents","volume":"53","author":"Simons","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Adolesc. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.3.474","article-title":"Covering up what can't be seen: concealable stigma and mental control","volume":"77","author":"Smart","year":"1999","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Personality Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-110","article-title":"Completely out-at-sea\u201d with \u201ctwo-gender medicine\u201d: a qualitative analysis of physician-side barriers to providing healthcare for transgender patients","volume":"12","author":"Snelgrove","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901071","article-title":"The human sexuality education of physicians in North American medical schools","volume":"15","author":"Solursh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Impot. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1080\/19359705.2010.505844","article-title":"Healthcare needs of the transgender homeless population","volume":"14","author":"Spicer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Gay Lesbian Ment. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2009.01.006","article-title":"Violence against transgender people: a review of United States data","volume":"14","author":"Stotzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib116","series-title":"Youth in the Margins: a Report on the Unmet Needs of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adolescents in Foster Care","author":"Sullivan","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000222372.16274.92","article-title":"Psychophysiological and cortisol responses to psychological stress in depressed and nondepressed older men and women with elevated cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"68","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/19359705.2013.805177","article-title":"Risk and resilience during transgender identity development: the effects of awareness and engagement with other transgender people on affect","volume":"18","author":"Testa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Gay Lesbian Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4158\/EP15777.OR","article-title":"A\u00a0simple intervention raised resident-physician willingness to assist transgender patients seeking hormone therapy","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167210392384","article-title":"From \u201cin the air\u201d to \u201cunder the skin\u201d: cortisol responses to social identity threat","volume":"37","author":"Townsend","year":"2011","journal-title":"Personality Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib121","series-title":"U.S. Jurisdictions with Laws Prohibiting Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Expression","author":"Transgender Law and Policy Institute","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib122","series-title":"Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category","author":"Valentine","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib123","article-title":"Gay adolescent development and the it gets better project: instilling hope through a new media campaign","volume":"4","author":"Vinney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Media Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2012.00955.x","article-title":"Using intergroup contact theory to reduce stigma against transgender individuals: impact of a transgender speaker panel presentation","volume":"42","author":"Walch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/0017896910384317","article-title":"Finding self: a qualitative study of transgender, transitioning, and adulterated silicone","volume":"69","author":"Wallace","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Educ. J."},{"issue":"6023","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198364","article-title":"A\u00a0brief social-belonging intervention improves academic and health outcomes of minority students","volume":"331","author":"Walton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/0891243287001002002","article-title":"Doing gender","volume":"1","author":"West","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gend. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/0891243213503203","article-title":"Doing gender, determining gender transgender people, gender panics, and the maintenance of the sex\/gender\/sexuality system","volume":"28","author":"Westbrook","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gend. Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539700200305","article-title":"Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2010.02.004","article-title":"Providing care to transgender persons: a clinical approach to primary care, hormones, and HIV management","volume":"21","author":"Williamson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Assoc. Nurses AIDS Care"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib131","first-page":"1292","article-title":"Psychological factors in men seeking sex transformation: a preliminary report","volume":"157","author":"Worden","year":"1955","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104502007003006","article-title":"\u2018I can accept my child is transsexual but if I ever see him in a dress I\u2019ll hit him\u2019: Dilemmas in parenting a transgendered adolescent","volume":"7","author":"Wren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib133","series-title":"Passing as Privilege. Part Two of a Series on Transfeminism","author":"Xavier","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2013.689513","article-title":"Transgender health care access in Virginia: a qualitative study","volume":"14","author":"Xavier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Transgenderism"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.54.4.535","article-title":"Ethnic matching of clients and clinicians and use of mental health services by ethnic minority clients","volume":"54","author":"Ziguras","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953615302185?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953615302185?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T16:25:40Z","timestamp":1537201540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953615302185"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"references-count":136,"alternative-id":["S0277953615302185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Transgender stigma and health: A critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}