{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:10:13Z","timestamp":1792800613398,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Agency for International Development's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T05:30:20Z","timestamp":1454304620000},"page":"125-137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Violence against children in humanitarian settings: A literature review of population-based approaches"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Stark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Landis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.4.513","article-title":"Prevalence of war-related sexual violence and other human rights abuses among internally displaced persons in Sierra Leone","volume":"287","author":"Amowitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib2","series-title":"Minefields in Their Hearts: The Mental Health of Children in War and Communal Violence","author":"Apfel","year":"1996"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2013.3.15684","article-title":"Sexual violence perpetration by adolescents in dating versus same-sex peer relationships: differences in associated risk and protective factors","volume":"14","author":"Basile","year":"2013","journal-title":"West. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib4","series-title":"A\u00a0World Turned Upside Down: Social Ecological Approaches to Children in War Zones","author":"Boothby","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/13600810903108321","article-title":"The impact of violent conflicts on households: what do we know and what should we know about war widows?","volume":"37","author":"Br\u00fcck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oxf. Dev. Stud."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-33","article-title":"Family violence, war, and natural disasters: a study of the effect of extreme stress on children's mental health in Sri Lanka","volume":"2","author":"Catani","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20415","article-title":"War trauma, child labor, and family violence: life adversities and PTSD in a sample of school children in Kabul","volume":"22","author":"Catani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib8","series-title":"Sexual Violence: Risk and Protective Factors","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib9","series-title":"Ethical Principles, Dilemmas and Risks in Collecting Data on Violence against Children: A Review of Available Literature","author":"Child Protection Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group","year":"2012"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.03.023","article-title":"How neighborhoods influence child maltreatment: a review of the literature and alternative pathways","volume":"31","author":"Coulton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60522-X","article-title":"Initimate partner violence and women's physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence: an observational study","volume":"371","author":"Ellsberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102786","article-title":"The challenge of living on: psychopathology and its mediating influence on the readjustment of former child soldiers","volume":"9","author":"Ertl","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-013-1230-0","article-title":"Symptoms associated with pregnancy complications along the Thai-Burma border: the role of conflict violence and intimate partner violence","volume":"18","author":"Falb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Maternal Child Health J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study","volume":"14","author":"Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559506289524","article-title":"Understanding the ecology of child maltreatment: a review of the literature and directions for future research","volume":"11","author":"Freisthler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child. Maltreat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib16","series-title":"Livelihoods and Chronic Conflict: An Annotated Bibliography","author":"Holland","year":"2002"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0123366","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123366","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of childhood maltreatment assessments in population-representative surveys since 1990","volume":"10","author":"Hovdestad","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1089\/152460900750020847","article-title":"Sexual violence against refugee women","volume":"9","author":"Hynes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Women's Health & Gender-Based Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib19","series-title":"Operational Guidance for Coordinated Assessments in Humanitarian Crises","author":"Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC)","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib20","series-title":"Amidst Peril and Pain: The Mental Health and Well-being of the World's Refugees","first-page":"327","article-title":"Refugee mental health and well-being","author":"Jablensky","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(98)00108-2","article-title":"Predicting abuse-prone parental attitudes and discipline practices in a nationally representative sample","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21895","article-title":"Outcome of depression and anxiety after war: a prospective epidemiologic study of children and adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Karam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.031625","article-title":"Prevalence of wife beating in Jordanian refugee camps: reports by men and women","volume":"59","author":"Khawaja","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9536-z","article-title":"HIV infection among internally displaced women and women residing in river populations along the Congo River, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib25","series-title":"World Report on Violence and Health","author":"Krug","year":"2002"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib26","first-page":"170","article-title":"Critical appraisal of the health research literature: prevalence or incidence of a health problem","volume":"19","author":"Loney","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chronic Dis. Can."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib27","series-title":"Review of Child and Adolescent Refugee Mental Health. White Paper from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Refugee Trauma Task Force","author":"Lustig","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib28","series-title":"The Impact of War on Children","author":"Machel","year":"2001"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.12.010","article-title":"Quality assessment of observational studies is not commonplace in systematic reviews","volume":"59","author":"Mallen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.56","article-title":"Screening for traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms in adolescents in the war-affected eastern Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"163","author":"Mels","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02241.x","article-title":"The psychological impact of forced displacement and related risk factors on Eastern Congolese adolescents affected by war","volume":"51","author":"Mels","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib32","series-title":"Repatriation and Disability: A Community Study of Health, Mental Health and Social Functioning of the Khmer Residents of Site Two","author":"Mollica","year":"1989"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199708000-00017","article-title":"Effects of war trauma on Cambodian refugee adolescents' functional health and mental health status","volume":"36","author":"Mollica","year":"1997","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cki059","article-title":"Seeking asylum in Denmark: refugee children's mental health and exposure to violence","volume":"15","author":"Montgomery","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2190\/OM.56.3.b","article-title":"Psychosocial effects of war experiences among displaced children in Southern Darfur","volume":"56","author":"Morgos","year":"2007","journal-title":"OMEGA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.10.022","article-title":"Conflict, violence, and health: setting a new interdisciplinary agenda","volume":"70","author":"Panter-Brick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61080-1","article-title":"Violence, suffering and mental health in Afghanistan: aA school-based survey","volume":"374","author":"Panter-Brick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.12.001","article-title":"Mental health and childhood adversities: a longitudinal study in Kabul, Afghanistan","volume":"50","author":"Panter-Brick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12350","article-title":"Trauma memories, mental health, and resilience: a prospective study of Afghan youth","volume":"56","author":"Panter-Brick","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00261-1","article-title":"Political violence, ethnic conflict, and contemporary wars: broad implications for health and social well-being","volume":"55","author":"Pedersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838012445641","article-title":"The impact of neighborhoods on intimate partner violence and victimization","volume":"13","author":"Pinchevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib42","series-title":"World Report on Violence against Children","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib43","article-title":"Measuring human rights violations in a conflict-affected country: results from a nationwide cluster survey in Central African Republic","volume":"5","author":"Potts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Confl. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib44","first-page":"63","article-title":"Frequency and physical factors associated with gender-based violence in the internally displaced people of Pakistan","volume":"22","author":"Qayum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak."},{"issue":"9679","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60247-6","article-title":"Sexual violence and its health consequences for female children in Swaziland: a cluster survey study","volume":"73","author":"Reza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib46","first-page":"123","article-title":"Traumatic episodes experienced during the genocide period in Rwanda influence life circumstances in young men and women 17 years later","volume":"28","author":"Rugema","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib47","series-title":"World Report on Violence and Health","article-title":"Child abuse and neglect by parents and caregivers","author":"Runyan","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym018","article-title":"Tools for assessing quality and susceptibility to bias in observational studies in epidemiology: a systematic review and annotated bibliography","volume":"36","author":"Sanderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1032","article-title":"Trade-offs in using indirect sampling to measure conflict violence","volume":"306","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014812209051","article-title":"War exposure among children from Bosnia-Herzegovina: psychological adjustment in a community sample","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib51","series-title":"From Incidents to Incidence: Measuring Sexual Violence amidst War and Displacement","author":"Stark","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838011404252","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of prevalence studies of gender-based violence in complex emergencies","volume":"12","author":"Stark","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib54","article-title":"Measuring the incidence and reporting of violence against women and girls in Liberia using the Neighborhood Method","volume":"7","author":"Stark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Confl. Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.8.625","article-title":"Violence against women during the Liberian civil conflict","volume":"279","author":"Swiss","year":"1998","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00456","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress reactions in children of war","volume":"40","author":"Thabet","year":"1999","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib58","series-title":"The Sphere Handbook Glossary","author":"The Sphere Project","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib59","series-title":"The Sphere Project: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response","author":"The Sphere Project","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib60","series-title":"Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings from the National Violence against Women Survey","author":"Tjaden","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib61","series-title":"Convention on the Rights of the Child","author":"United Nations","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib62","series-title":"Hidden in Plain Sight: A Statistical Analysis of Violence against Children","author":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF)","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2010.01082.x","article-title":"Child sexual abuse in Lebanon during war and peace","volume":"36","author":"Usta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Care, Health Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.dis.835f10778fd80ae031aac12d3b533ca7","article-title":"The prevalence of sexual violence among female refugees in complex humanitarian emergencies: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Vu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Curr. Disasters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08221-1","article-title":"Violence against women: global scope and magnitude","volume":"359","author":"Watts","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib66","series-title":"Connecting the Dots: An Overview of the Links Among Multiple Forms of Violence","author":"Wilkins","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib67","series-title":"WHO Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Researching, Documenting and Monitoring Sexual Violence in Emergencies","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/car.1128","article-title":"Corporal punishment and physical abuse: population-based trends for three-to-11-year-old children in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Zolotor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child. Abuse Rev."}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953616300533?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953616300533?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T00:56:48Z","timestamp":1567558608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953616300533"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["S0277953616300533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Violence against children in humanitarian settings: A literature review of population-based approaches","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.01.052","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}