{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T10:59:33Z","timestamp":1772276373784,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH098690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH098690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31MH103062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31MH103062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,2]],"date-time":"2016-02-02T14:16:02Z","timestamp":1454422562000},"page":"35-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Evidence of social network influence on multiple HIV risk behaviors and normative beliefs among young Tanzanian men"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"153","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9687-421X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Mulawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thespina J.","family":"Yamanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren M.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Balvanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lusajo J.","family":"Kajula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Maman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s11150-013-9235-4","article-title":"Identifying peer effects using spatial analysis: the role of peers on risky sexual behavior","volume":"13","author":"Ajilore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Househ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1258\/095646206775220504","article-title":"HIV risk behaviour patterns, predictors, and sexually transmitted disease prevalence in the social networks of young men who have sex with men in St Petersburg, Russia","volume":"17","author":"Amirkhanian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib3","series-title":"Social Learning Theory","author":"Bandura","year":"1977"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.03.009","article-title":"Talking the talk, walking the walk: social network norms, communication patterns, and condom use among the male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic","volume":"68","author":"Barrington","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00065-4","article-title":"From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium","volume":"51","author":"Berkman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1086\/228667","article-title":"Social contagion and innovation: cohesion versus structural equivalence","volume":"92","author":"Burt","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.58.6.1015","article-title":"A\u00a0focus theory of normative conduct: recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places","volume":"58","author":"Cialdini","year":"1990","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib8","article-title":"The igraph software package for complex network Re- search","volume":"1695","author":"Csardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Complex Syst."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01936.x","article-title":"The importance of social networks in their association to drug equipment sharing among injection drug users: a review","volume":"102","author":"De","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib10","first-page":"1","article-title":"A\u00a0social network typology and sexual risk-taking among men who have sex with men in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth, South Africa","author":"de Voux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cult. Health Sex."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(78)90021-7","article-title":"Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification","volume":"1","author":"Freeman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Soc. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib12","series-title":"A\u00a0Structural Theory of Social Influence","author":"Friedkin","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.02.011","article-title":"Sample size calculations for the design of cluster randomized trials: a summary of methodology","volume":"42","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"issue":"9543","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69523-8","article-title":"Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence","volume":"368","author":"Garcia-Moreno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/00324720500212230","article-title":"Social networks, perceptions of risk, and changing attitudes towards HIV\/AIDS: new evidence from a longitudinal study using fixed-effects analysis","volume":"59","author":"Helleringer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Popul. Stud. (Camb.)"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328285df98","article-title":"Sexual network structure and the spread of HIV in Africa: evidence from Likoma Island, Malawi","volume":"21","author":"Helleringer","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Imputation of missing network data: some simple procedures","volume":"10","author":"Huisman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Soc. Struct."},{"issue":"9734","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60548-X","article-title":"Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity, and incidence of HIV infection in young women in South Africa: a cohort study","volume":"376","author":"Jewkes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vijana Vijiweni II: a cluster-randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of a microfinance and peer health leadership intervention for HIV and intimate partner violence prevention among social networks of young men in Dar es Salaam","volume":"16","author":"Kajula","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1086\/226792","article-title":"Homophily, selection, and socialization in adolescent friendships","volume":"84","author":"Kandel","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a03","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S250","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000236","article-title":"Health behavior change models for HIV prevention and AIDS care: practical recommendations for a multi-level approach","volume":"66","author":"Kaufman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Acquir Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2007.0006","article-title":"Social networks and HIV\/AIDS risk perceptions","volume":"44","author":"Kohler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2005.07.002","article-title":"Effects of missing data in social networks","volume":"28","author":"Kossinets","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Netw."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.06.015","article-title":"Mechanisms through which drug, sex partner, and friendship network characteristics relate to risky needle use among high risk youth and young adults","volume":"63","author":"Lakon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014707","article-title":"Relationships between social norms, social network characteristics, and HIV risk behaviors in Thailand and the United States","volume":"28","author":"Latkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a01","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120500121185","article-title":"Micro-social structural approaches to HIV prevention: a social ecological perspective","volume":"17","author":"Latkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2015.1034645","article-title":"Social network assessments and interventions for health behavior change: a critical review","volume":"41","author":"Latkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(02)00016-3","article-title":"Egocentric and sociocentric measures of network centrality","volume":"24","author":"Marsden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc. Netw."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122414554001","article-title":"Network ecology and adolescent social structure","volume":"79","author":"McFarland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.415","article-title":"Birds of a feather: homophily in social networks","volume":"27","author":"McPherson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283384791","article-title":"Effectiveness of HIV prevention for youth in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized trials","volume":"24","author":"Michielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001167","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001167","article-title":"Engaging men in prevention and care for HIV\/AIDS in Africa","volume":"9","author":"Mills","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0115504","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115504","article-title":"Predictors of condom use among peer social networks of men who have sex with men in Ghana, West Africa","volume":"10","author":"Nelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/1097184X06298778","article-title":"Measuring attitudes toward gender norms among young men in Brazil: development and psychometric evaluation of the GEM scale","volume":"10","author":"Pulerwitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Men Masc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib34","series-title":"Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods","author":"Raudenbush","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.1999.00137.x","article-title":"Estimating intraclass correlation for binary data","volume":"55","author":"Ridout","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650205275385","article-title":"How behaviors are influenced by perceived norms: a test of the theory of normative social behavior","volume":"32","author":"Rimal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Commun. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib37","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. (2011). SAS\u00ae 9.4 Cary, NC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.12.034","article-title":"A\u00a0new HIV prevention network approach: sociometric peer change agent selection","volume":"125","author":"Schneider","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib39","series-title":"Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling","author":"Snijders","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2010.01225.x","article-title":"Dynamic networks and behavior: separating selection from influence","volume":"40","author":"Steglich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sociol. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib41","series-title":"Network Models of the Diffusion of Innovations","author":"Valente","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib42","series-title":"Social Networks and Health","author":"Valente","year":"2010"},{"issue":"7 Suppl.\u00a0l","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000221018.32533.6d","article-title":"Diffusion of innovations and network segmentation: the part played by people in promoting health","volume":"33","author":"Valente","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198106297855","article-title":"Identifying opinion leaders to promote behavior change","volume":"34","author":"Valente","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Young men's social network characteristics and associations with sexual partnership concurrency in Tanzania","author":"Yamanis","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.07.039","article-title":"Social venues that protect against and promote HIV risk for young men in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"71","author":"Yamanis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953616300570?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953616300570?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]],"date-time":"2018-09-15T16:20:41Z","timestamp":1537028441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953616300570"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0277953616300570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evidence of social network influence on multiple HIV risk behaviors and normative beliefs among young Tanzanian men","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}