{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:27:01Z","timestamp":1793226421154,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533081600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,4]],"date-time":"2018-05-04T12:38:20Z","timestamp":1525437500000},"page":"39-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Identifying mental health problems and Idioms of distress among older adult internally displaced persons in Georgia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"211","author":[{"given":"Namrita S.","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4279-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nana","family":"Sumbadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Rebok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Perrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nino","family":"Paichadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Courtland","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/fen016","article-title":"Understanding integration: a conceptual framework","volume":"21","author":"Ager","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Refug. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S329","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/61.6.S329","article-title":"A mixed-methods approach to understanding loneliness and depression in older adults","volume":"61B","author":"Barg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gerontol.: Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib3","first-page":"1","article-title":"The mental health and psychosocial problems of survivors of torture and genocide in Kurdistan, Northern Iraq: a brief qualitative study","volume":"23","author":"Bolton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Torture"},{"issue":"Suppl. 360","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11819-8","article-title":"Older refugees in humanitarian emergencies","author":"Burton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X04002594","article-title":"Preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people: a systematic review of health promotion interventions","volume":"25","author":"Cattan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aging Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122673","article-title":"Health service utilization for mental, behavioural and emotional problems among conflict-affected population in Georgia: a cross-sectional study","author":"Chikovani","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib7","series-title":"Policy Brief","article-title":"Mental health care in Georgia: challenges and possible solutions - financial barriers study findings","author":"Curatio International Foundation & Global Initiative on Psychiatry","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00486-0","article-title":"The process of mediating aging-in-place: a theoretically and empirically based model","volume":"57","author":"Cutchin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2190\/AF2D-A0T4-Q14C-1RTW","article-title":"Deweyan integration: moving beyond place attachment in elderly migration theory","volume":"52","author":"Cutchin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Aging Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/173247","article-title":"The importance of social connectedness in building age-friendly communities","author":"Emlet","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Aging Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2013.819587","article-title":"Community perceptions of mental distress in a post-conflict setting: a qualitative study in Burundi","author":"Familiar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Publ. Health: Int. J. Res. Pharmacol. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.07.007","article-title":"Place-making with older persons: establishing sense-of-place through participatory community mapping workshops","volume":"168","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X00000200","article-title":"Frail elderly as disaster victims: emergency management strategies","volume":"17","author":"Fernandez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prehospital Disaster Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib14","series-title":"Draft Georgian Mental Health Policy","author":"Global Initiative on Psychiatry","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib15","series-title":"GSSI Cities Working Papers #18","article-title":"Urban dimensions of internal displacement in Georgia: the phenomenon and the emerging housing policy","author":"Gogishvili","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib16","series-title":"Decree #47 of the Government of Georgia: on Approving of the State Strategy for Internally Displaced Persons \u2013 Persecuted","author":"Government of Georgia","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib17","series-title":"Decree of the Georgian Government #575: Regarding the Amendment to the Government Decree #403 of 28 May, 2009 about \u201cAdoption of the Action Plan for the Implementation of the State Strategy on IDPs during 2009\u20132012\u201d","author":"Government of Georgia","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib18","series-title":"Ageing and Mental Health. Ageways: Practical Issues in Ageing and Development","author":"HelpAge International","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib19","series-title":"Older People in Disasters and Humanitarian Crises: Guidelines for Best Practice","author":"HelpAge International & United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib20","series-title":"IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings","author":"Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC)","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib21","series-title":"Georgia Country Information 2015","author":"Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC)","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib22","series-title":"Georgia: IDPs in Georgia Still Need Attention \u2013 a Profile of the Internal Displacement Situation","author":"Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) and Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC)","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib23","series-title":"Rapid Needs Assessment of Internally Displaced Women as a Result of August 2008 Events in Georgia: Findings and Recommendations. October 2008","author":"Institute for Policy Studies (IPS)","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001357","article-title":"Ending neglect of older people in the response to humanitarian emergencies","volume":"9","author":"Karunakara","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1369","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and aging vulnerability for psychopathology following a natural disaster in a developing country","volume":"20","author":"Kohn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-010-9170-2","article-title":"Nepali concepts of psychological trauma: the role of idioms of distress, ethnopsychology and ethnophysiology in alleviating suffering and preventing stigma","volume":"34","author":"Kohrt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cult. Med. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib27","series-title":"Aging-in-place: Coordinating Housing and Health Care Provision for America's Growing Elderly Population","author":"Lawler","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib28","series-title":"Naturalistic Inquiry","author":"Lincoln","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)00434-U","article-title":"Elderly mental health in the developing world","volume":"41","author":"Levkoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21949","article-title":"Mental disorders and their association with disability among Internally Displaced Persons and returnees in Georgia","volume":"27","author":"Makhashvili","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib31","series-title":"Qualitative Health Research. Creating a New Discipline","author":"Morse","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib32","series-title":"IDP Issues - General Information","author":"(MRA) Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Accommodation and Refugees of Georgia","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib33","series-title":"IDP Figures","author":"(MRA) Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Accommodation and Refugees of Georgia","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/921604","article-title":"A qualitative study of Georgian youth who are on the street or institutionalized","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-010-9179-6","article-title":"Idioms of distress revisited","volume":"34","author":"Nichter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cult. Med. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib36","series-title":"Global Health: Why Cultural Perceptions, Social Representations, and Biopolitics Matter","author":"Nichter","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00054782","article-title":"Idioms of distress: alternatives in the expression of psychosocial distress: a case study from South India","volume":"5","author":"Nichter","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cult. Med. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799003098","article-title":"Ageing and mental health in a developing country: who cares? Qualitative studies from Goa, India","volume":"31","author":"Patel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib39","series-title":"Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods","first-page":"169","author":"Patton","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib40","first-page":"218","article-title":"Assessment of the psychosocial and mental health needs of the violence-affected populations in Birueuen, Aceh: a qualitative study","volume":"19","author":"Poudyal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Torture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib41","series-title":"The Mental Health of Refugees: Ecological Approaches to Healing and Adaptation","first-page":"375","article-title":"Chapter 11: innovations, challenges, and critical issues in the development of ecological mental health interventions with refugees","author":"Rasco","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib42","series-title":"Presented at the 139th American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Exposition, October 31, 2011, Washington D.C","article-title":"Aging-in-displacement: assessing health status of displaced older adults in the republic of Georgia","author":"Robinson","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5219","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5219","article-title":"Depression in older adults","volume":"343","author":"Rodda","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(83)80033-4","article-title":"Place and personal identity in old age: observations from Appalachia","volume":"3","author":"Rowles","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2257.1993.tb00136.x","article-title":"Elderly migration and development in small communities","volume":"24","author":"Rowles","year":"1993","journal-title":"Growth Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796016000019","article-title":"Coping strategies and mental health outcomes of conflict-affected persons in the Republic of Georgia","volume":"26","author":"Saxon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461515618813","article-title":"\u201cFinding a way out\u201d: case histories of mental health care-seeking and recovery among long-term internally displaced persons in Georgia","volume":"53","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transcult. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib48","series-title":"Anticipating the Unexpected: Urban Refugee Programming in Jordan","author":"Skopec","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39513.441030.AD","article-title":"How scientifically valid is the knowledge base of global mental health?","volume":"336","author":"Summerfield","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib50","series-title":"Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division","author":"United Nations","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib51","series-title":"Ageing in the 21st Century: a Celebration and a Challenge","author":"United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) & HelpAge International","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-0606.2008.00061.x","article-title":"Evaluating a multiple-family group access intervention for refugees with PTSD","volume":"34","author":"Weine","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Marital Fam. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib53","series-title":"Systematic Data Collection","author":"Weller","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib54","series-title":"Older Persons in Emergencies: an Active Ageing Perspective","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib55","series-title":"The Optimal Mix of Services for Mental Health: WHO Pyramid Framework","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-015-1043-2","article-title":"Proposing a re-adapted successful aging model addressing chronic diseases in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"4","author":"Zolnikov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953618302429?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953618302429?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T20:18:22Z","timestamp":1563308302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953618302429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S0277953618302429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Identifying mental health problems and Idioms of distress among older adult internally displaced persons in Georgia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}