{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T06:12:40Z","timestamp":1779171160073,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T19:47:03Z","timestamp":1565207223000},"page":"112453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Terrorism and early childhood health outcomes: Evidence from Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"237","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6878-6201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Grossman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umair","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arijit","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib1","series-title":"Pakistan's Undeclared War","author":"Abbas","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.51.3.0914-6664R","article-title":"Maternal stress and child outcomes: evidence from siblings","volume":"51","author":"Aizer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hum. Resour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.02.005","article-title":"War during childhood: the long run effects of warfare on health","volume":"53","author":"Akbulut-Yuksel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.3.273","article-title":"War and stature: growing up during the nigerian civil war","volume":"102","author":"Akresh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib5","series-title":"First and Second Generation Impacts of the Biafran War","author":"Akresh","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2012.04.001","article-title":"Wars and child health: evidence from the eritrean\u2013ethiopian conflict","volume":"99","author":"Akresh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dev. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib7","volume":"vol. 136","author":"Allison","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1086\/507154","article-title":"Is the 1918 influenza pandemic over? long term effects of in utero influenza exposure in the post 1940 u.s. population","volume":"114","author":"Almond","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Political Econ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.25.3.153","article-title":"Killing me softly: the fetal origins hypothesis","volume":"25","author":"Almond","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Econ. Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib10","series-title":"Peace and Conflict 2016","author":"Backer","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6761","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6761.1111","article-title":"The fetal and infant origins of adult disease","volume":"301","author":"Barker","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/oep\/gpu042","article-title":"Terrorism and fertility: evidence for a causal influence of terrorism on fertility","volume":"67","author":"Berrebi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxf. Econ. Pap."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib13","first-page":"647","article-title":"The weight of the crisis: evidence from newborns in Argentina","volume":"46","author":"Bozzoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00398","article-title":"The weight of the crisis: evidence from newborns in Argentina","volume":"96","author":"Bozzoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-017-0639-2","article-title":"The Mexican drug war and early-life health: the impact of violence crime on birth outcomes","volume":"55","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.2.511","article-title":"Stress and birth weight: evidence from terrorist attacks","volume":"98","author":"Camacho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1086\/589524","article-title":"Stature and status: height, ability, and labor market outcomes","volume":"116","author":"Case","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Political Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib18","series-title":"Update on the Human Costs of War for Afganistan and Pakistan, 2001 to Mid-2016. Cost of War Project Working Paper","author":"Crawford","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-081412-103704","article-title":"Early-life health and adult circumstance in developing countries","volume":"5","author":"Currie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2014.01.010","article-title":"Effect of conflict on dietary diversity: evidence from C\u00f4te d'Ivoire","volume":"58","author":"Dabalen","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/gec3.12332","article-title":"Economic effects of terrorism: local and city considerations, priorities for research and policy","volume":"11","author":"Desai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geography Compass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2016.09.012","article-title":"Early-life conditions and child development: evidence from a violent conflict","volume":"3","author":"Duque","year":"2017","journal-title":"SSM-Population Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2004.05.001","article-title":"Macroeconomic consequences of terror: theory and the case of Israel","volume":"51","author":"Eckstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Monet. Econ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/wbro\/15.2.199","article-title":"Weak links in the chain: a diagnosis of health policy in poor countries","volume":"15","author":"Filmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"World Bank Res. Obs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.01.039","article-title":"Crushing hope: short term responses to tragedy vary by hopefulness","volume":"201","author":"Fletcher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib26","series-title":"Pakistan Economic Survey 2015-16","author":"Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Finance","year":"2016"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.190686","article-title":"Preconception dietary patterns in human pregnancies are associated with preterm delivery","volume":"144","author":"Grieger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2013.08.004","article-title":"Long-term effects of civil conflict on women's health outcomes in Peru","volume":"54","author":"Grimard","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"issue":"6186","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232491","article-title":"On the psychology of poverty","volume":"344","author":"Haushofer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.6.2052","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms through which an influential early childhood program boosted adult outcomes","volume":"103","author":"Heckman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"5782","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128898","article-title":"Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children","volume":"312","author":"Heckman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib32","series-title":"Violence and Vigilance: the Acute Effects of Community Violent Crime on Sleep and Cortisol","author":"Heissel","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib33","series-title":"The Scorpion's Tail: the Relentless Rise of Islamic Militants in Pakistan and How it Threatens America","author":"Hussain","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib34","series-title":"The Legacy of Lal Masjid","author":"Hussain","year":"2017"},{"issue":"605","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib35","article-title":"The power of bias in economics research","volume":"127","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.12.013","article-title":"The role of neighborhoods in household food insufficiency: considering interactions between physical disorder, low social capital, violence, and perceptions of danger","volume":"221","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2015.00013.x","article-title":"The constraints of distance and poverty on institutional deliveries in Pakistan: evidence from georeference-linked data","volume":"46","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stud. Fam. Plan."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib38","series-title":"The Promise and Pitfalls of Differences-In-Differences: Reflections on \u201816 and Pregnant\u2019 and Other Applications. Tech. Rep. Working Paper","author":"Kahn-Lang","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib39","series-title":"Handbook of Global Tuberculosis Control","first-page":"15","article-title":"Tb control in Pakistan","author":"Khan","year":"2017"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.223479","article-title":"A summary of pathways or mechanisms linking preconception maternal nutrition with birth outcomes","volume":"146","author":"King","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2015.11.003","article-title":"Violence and birth outcomes: evidence from homicides in Brazil","volume":"119","author":"Koppensteiner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dev. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2013.11.002","article-title":"In utero exposure to the Korean war and its long-term effects on socioeconomic and health outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib43","first-page":"991","article-title":"Civil conflict and human capital accumulation the long-term effects of political violence in Per\u00fa","volume":"47","author":"Leon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hum. Resour."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2011.06.008","article-title":"Parental job loss and infant health","volume":"30","author":"Lindo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2010.09.011","article-title":"Which terror at which cost? on the economic consequences of terrorist attacks","volume":"110","author":"Llussa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Econ. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2011.12.005","article-title":"Armed conflict and birth weight: evidence from the Al-Aqsa intifada","volume":"99","author":"Mansour","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dev. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib47","article-title":"Alternative diff-in-diffs estimators with several pretreatment periods","volume":"1\u201322","author":"Mora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Econom. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib48","series-title":"Global Terrorism Database [data File]","author":"National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START)","year":"2018"},{"issue":"S2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12075","article-title":"The world health organization's global target for reducing childhood stunting by 2025: rationale and proposed actions","volume":"9","author":"Onis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00261-1","article-title":"Political violence, ethnic conflict, and contemporary wars: broad implications for health and social well-being","volume":"55","author":"Pedersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.015","article-title":"Structural stigma and the health and wellbeing of australian lgbt populations: exploiting geographic variation in the results of the 2017 same-sex marriage plebiscite","volume":"208","author":"Perales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.08.006","article-title":"The hidden costs of terrorism: the effects on health at birth","volume":"56","author":"Quintana-Domeque","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib53","first-page":"30","article-title":"From great game to grand bargain ending chaos in Afghanistan and Pakistan","volume":"87","author":"Rubin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foreign Aff."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2009.12.001","article-title":"Do social disadvantage and early family adversity affect the diurnal cortisol rhythm in infants? The Generation R Study","volume":"57","author":"Saridjan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib55","series-title":"Political Reforms in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Fata): Will it End the Militancy. Paper No. 64, Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics","author":"Shah","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200X.2003.01652.x","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of stunting among children in rural Pakistan","volume":"45","author":"Shah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.01.009","article-title":"Pathways linking war and displacement to parenting and child adjustment: a qualitative study with Syrian refugees in Lebanon","volume":"200","author":"Sim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01714.x","article-title":"Early Stress, Translational Research and Prevention Science Network: Fetal and Neonatal Experience on Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2007. Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: how and why","volume":"48","author":"Talge","year":"2007","journal-title":"JCPP (J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib59","series-title":"Unicef-Who-World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates","author":"United Nations Children's Fund, World Health Organization, The World Bank","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166-009-9068-y","article-title":"Valuing risks of death from terrorism and natural disasters","volume":"38","author":"Viscusi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Risk Uncertain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453_bib61","series-title":"Global Health Expenditure Database","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953619304472?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953619304472?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T15:24:48Z","timestamp":1759505088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953619304472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["S0277953619304472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Terrorism and early childhood health outcomes: Evidence from Pakistan","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112453","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112453"}}