{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T01:21:10Z","timestamp":1784596870348,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T23:24:06Z","timestamp":1594337046000},"page":"113185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An ethnographic exploration of diarrheal disease management in public hospitals in Bangladesh: From problems to solutions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"260","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2174-3922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debashish","family":"Biswas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raduan","family":"Hossin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahbubur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin Louis","family":"Bardosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa H.","family":"Watt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazharul Islam","family":"Zion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6365-1298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasnat","family":"Sujon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Mahbubur","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2344-6473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Salimuzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meerjady S.","family":"Flora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firdausi","family":"Qadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraful Islam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005512","article-title":"Determinants of severe dehydration from diarrheal disease at hospital presentation: evidence from 22 years of admissions in Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Andrews","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)90019-1","article-title":"Antibiotic misuse in diarrhea. A household survey in a Mexican community","volume":"47","author":"Bojalil","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib3","first-page":"453","article-title":"Evaluating study of case management of diarrheal diseases in Thailand","volume":"26","author":"Charanasri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.02.031","article-title":"Understanding careseeking for child illness in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and conceptual framework based on qualitative research of household recognition and response to child diarrhoea, pneumonia and malaria","volume":"86","author":"Colvin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.05.016","article-title":"Human activities and microbial geographies. An anthropological approach to the risk of infections in West African hospitals","volume":"136","author":"d'Alessandro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881400017X","article-title":"Geographical diversity in seasonality of major diarrhoeal pathogens in Bangladesh observed between 2010 and 2012","volume":"142","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.10.011","article-title":"Home management of childhood diarrhoea in southern Mali--implications for the introduction of zinc treatment","volume":"64","author":"Ellis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1145","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001145","article-title":"Meeting cholera's challenge to Haiti and the world: a joint statement on cholera prevention and care","volume":"5","author":"Farmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2202.151175","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of hospital-based hygiene and water treatment intervention (CHoBI7) to reduce cholera","volume":"22","author":"George","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7144-z","article-title":"Formative research for the design of a scalable water, sanitation, and hygiene mobile health program: CHoBI7 mobile health program","volume":"19","author":"George","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib11","series-title":"Introduction to Applied Thematic Analysis","author":"Guest","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.06.030","article-title":"Why Bangladeshi nurses avoid 'nursing': social and structural factors on hospital wards in Bangladesh","volume":"64","author":"Hadley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.06.032","article-title":"Nursing in Bangladesh: rhetoric and reality","volume":"64","author":"Hadley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.11.001","article-title":"Ethnography of health for social change: impact on public perception and policy","volume":"99","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005290","article-title":"Evaluation of a smartphone decision-support tool for diarrheal disease management in a resource-limited setting","volume":"11","author":"Haque","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00478-1","article-title":"ORS is never enough: physician rationales for altering standard treatment guidelines when managing childhood diarrhoea in Thailand","volume":"57","author":"Howteerakul","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib17","series-title":"Pneumonia and Diarrhea Progress Report 2018","author":"International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC)","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib18","first-page":"e2","article-title":"A review on the policy and practices of therapeutic drug uses in Bangladesh","volume":"4","author":"Islam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Calicut Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007124","article-title":"Field evaluation of a locally produced rapid diagnostic test for early detection of cholera in Bangladesh","volume":"13","author":"Islam","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.07.029","article-title":"Rapid qualitative research methods during complex health emergencies: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"189","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib21","first-page":"e250","article-title":"Electronic decision-support improves diarrhoeal disease guideline adherence (mHealth Diarrhoea Management, mHDM, Trial): a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"2","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet DH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib22","series-title":"Epidemiology of Cholera in Bangladesh: Findings from Nationwide Hospital-Based Surveillance, 2014-2018","author":"Khan","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1037\/1045-3830.22.4.557","article-title":"An array of qualitative data analysis tools: a call for data analysis triangulation","volume":"22","author":"Leech","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sch. Psychol. Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2015.08.003","article-title":"Prevention and control of childhood pneumonia and diarrhea","volume":"63","author":"Leung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. North Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2010.0965","article-title":"Overprescribing in China, driven by financial incentives, results in very high use of antibiotics, injections, and corticosteroids","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib26","series-title":"Applied Ethnography: Guidelines for Field Research","author":"Pelto","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1979.03630450062020","article-title":"Don't just do something\u2014stand there!","volume":"139","author":"Petty","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.07.018","article-title":"On sitting and doing: ethnography as action in global health","volume":"99","author":"Pigg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib29","series-title":"Determinants of Antimicrobial Use in the Developing World: Citeseer","author":"Radyowijati","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S327","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis764","article-title":"Determinants of household costs associated with childhood diarrhea in 3 South Asian settings","volume":"55","author":"Rheingans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib31","article-title":"Factors influencing clinician's antibiotic prescribing behaviors (apb) in Bangladesh: an in-depth review using comb model","volume":"1","author":"Saha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Access J. Trans. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.5.e10","article-title":"Oral rehydration therapy for diarrhea: an example of reverse transfer of technology","volume":"100","author":"Santosham","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-518","article-title":"Cost of illness for cholera in a high risk urban area in Bangladesh: an analysis from household perspective","volume":"13","author":"Sarker","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-017-0056-5","article-title":"Economic costs of hospitalized diarrheal disease in Bangladesh: a societal perspective","volume":"3","author":"Sarker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Health Res. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czw083","article-title":"Economic costs to caregivers of diarrhoea treatment among children below 5 in rural Gujarat India: findings from an external evaluation of the DAZT programme","volume":"31","author":"Shillcutt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Pol. Plann."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/1206331211421852","article-title":"Introduction: real and imagined spaces","volume":"15","author":"Street","year":"2012","journal-title":"Space Cult."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib37","first-page":"2","article-title":"Emerging patterns of mortality and morbidity in district level hospitals in Bangladesh","volume":"2","author":"Sultana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Public Health Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30362-1","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Troeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30276-1","article-title":"Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"17","author":"Troeger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.03.004","article-title":"Hospital ethnography: introduction","volume":"59","author":"Van der Geest","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60222-6","article-title":"Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea","volume":"381","author":"Walker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001446","article-title":"Setting research priorities to reduce mortality and morbidity of childhood diarrhoeal disease in the next 15 years","volume":"10","author":"Wazny","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib43","series-title":"The Treatment of Diarrhea: a Manual for Physicians and Other Senior Health Workers","author":"WHO","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib44","series-title":"Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea by 2025: the Integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD)","author":"WHO","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.03.007","article-title":"Poverty and violence, frustration and inventiveness: hospital ward life in Bangladesh","volume":"59","author":"Zaman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953620304044?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953620304044?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T15:32:00Z","timestamp":1759505520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953620304044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0277953620304044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An ethnographic exploration of diarrheal disease management in public hospitals in Bangladesh: From problems to solutions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113185","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113185"}}