{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T22:18:01Z","timestamp":1773181081955,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T11:07:17Z","timestamp":1596452837000},"page":"113262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Incarceration rates and hospital beds per capita: A cross-national study of 36 countries, 1971\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"263","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8686-9115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Testa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mateus","family":"Renn\u00f3 Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas B.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.08.042","article-title":"Mass incarceration, race inequality, and health: expanding concepts and assessing impacts on well-being","volume":"215","author":"Blankenship","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2020.0345","article-title":"Hospital capacity and operations in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic\u2014planning for the Nth patient","volume":"1","author":"Cavallo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/07418829400092421","article-title":"Social support as an organizing concept for criminology: presidential address to the academy of criminal justice sciences","volume":"11","author":"Cullen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Justice Q. JQ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib5","first-page":"53","article-title":"Reducing mass incarceration: lessons from the deinstitutionalization of mental hospitals in the 1960s","volume":"9","author":"Harcourt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib6","series-title":"County-level Jail Incarceration and Preterm Birth Among Non-hispanic Black and White US Women, 1999\u20132015","first-page":"112856","author":"Jahn","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2016.04.006","article-title":"Penrose's law: methodological challenges and call for data","volume":"49","author":"Kalapos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Law Psychiatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403414547043","article-title":"Psychiatric deinstitutionalization and prison population growth: a critical literature review and its implications","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crim. Justice Pol. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231349","article-title":"Interpretation and identification of within-unit and cross-sectional variation in panel data models","volume":"15","author":"Kropko","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716206287169","article-title":"Democracy and crime: a multilevel analysis of homicide trends in forty-four countries, 1950-2000","volume":"605","author":"LaFree","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146517748412","article-title":"On the weak mortality returns of the prison boom: comparing infant mortality and homicide in the incarceration ledger","volume":"59","author":"Light","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib12","series-title":"Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2004","author":"Marshall","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib13","series-title":"Long-term Forensic Psychiatric Care: Clinical, Ethical and Legal Challenges","first-page":"7","article-title":"Asylums and deinstitutionalization: the Penrose hypothesis in the twenty-first century","author":"Mundt","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2433","article-title":"Psychiatric hospital beds and prison populations in South America since 1990: does the Penrose hypothesis apply?","volume":"72","author":"Mundt","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.05187","article-title":"The relationship between health spending and social spending in high-income countries: how does the US compare?","volume":"38","author":"Papanicolas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1939.tb00704.x","article-title":"Mental disease and crime: outline of a comparative study of European statistics","volume":"18","author":"Penrose","year":"1939","journal-title":"Br. J. Med. Psychol."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib17","first-page":"1760","article-title":"The challenge of preventing COVID-19 spread in correctional facilities","volume":"323","author":"Rubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2011.00756.x","article-title":"The incarceration ledger: toward a new era in assessing societal consequences","volume":"10","author":"Sampson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Criminol. Publ. Pol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12136","article-title":"The institutional effects of incarceration: spillovers from criminal justice to health care","volume":"93","author":"Schnittker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1111\/ssqu.12295","article-title":"The standardized world income inequality database","volume":"97","author":"Solt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Q."},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13280","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801200105","article-title":"Mass incarceration can explain population increases in TB and multidrug-resistant TB in European and central Asian countries","volume":"105","author":"Stuckler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1086\/316961","article-title":"Imprisonment and social classification in five common-law democracies, 1955\u20131985","volume":"106","author":"Sutton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112777","article-title":"Incarceration as a unique social stressor during pregnancy: implications for maternal and newborn health","volume":"246","author":"Testa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib24","series-title":"The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences","author":"Travis","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib25","first-page":"65","article-title":"Global incarceration and prison trends","volume":"3","author":"Walmsley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Forum on Crime and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib26","series-title":"World Prison Population List","author":"Walmsley","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib27","series-title":"Institutional Anomie and Cross\u2010national Differences in Incarceration","author":"Weiss","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100466","article-title":"Examining the relationship between US incarceration rates and population health at the county level","volume":"9","author":"Weidner","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSM-Population Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12107","article-title":"Incarceration and population health in wealthy democracies","volume":"54","author":"Wildeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"10077","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3","article-title":"Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA","volume":"389","author":"Wildeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262_bib31","series-title":"Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data","author":"Wooldridge","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953620304810?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953620304810?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T15:30:09Z","timestamp":1759505409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953620304810"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S0277953620304810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Incarceration rates and hospital beds per capita: A cross-national study of 36 countries, 1971\u20132015","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113262","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113262"}}