{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T11:59:37Z","timestamp":1792151977726,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632873600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":332,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T02:27:54Z","timestamp":1597285674000},"page":"113264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The strain of sons' incarceration on mothers\u2019 health"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Sirois","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib1","series-title":"Cuz: the Life and Times of Michael A","author":"Allen","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib2","series-title":"Fixed Effects Regression Models","author":"Allison","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122417751442","article-title":"Sharing the burden of the transition to adulthood: african American young adults\u2019 transition challenges and their mothers\u2019 health risk","volume":"83","author":"Barr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Socio. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib4","series-title":"Doing Time on the outside: Incarceration and Family Life in Urban America","author":"Braman","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib5","series-title":"\u201cChildren of the NLSY79, 1979-2016.\u201d Technical Report","author":"Bureau of Labor Statistics","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib6","series-title":"National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort, 1979- 2016 (Rounds 1-27).\u201d Technical Report","author":"Bureau of Labor Statistics","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.4226","article-title":"The association between income and life expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014","volume":"315","author":"Chetty","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib61","series-title":"Because She\u2019s Powerful: The Political Isolation and Resistance of Women with Incarcerated Loved Ones","author":"Clayton","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib8","series-title":"The Black Family in the Age of Mass Incarceration","author":"Coates","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112829","article-title":"Punishment beyond the legal offender","volume":"3","author":"Comfort","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib10","series-title":"Doing Time Together: Love and Family in the Shadow of the Prison","author":"Comfort","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716215625038","article-title":"\u201c\u2019A twenty-hour-a-day job\u2019: the impact of frequent low-level criminal justice involvement on family life","volume":"665","author":"Comfort","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027507311835","article-title":"Race, gender, and SES disparities in self-assessed health, 1974-2004","volume":"30","author":"Cummings","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib13","series-title":"\u201cWho Pays? the True Cost of Incarceration on Families.\u201d Technical Report","author":"DeVuono-Powell","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.XLI.2.433","article-title":"The marriage earnings premium as a distributed fixed effect","volume":"XLI","author":"Dougherty","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hum. Resour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122419833386","article-title":"Low-income Black mothers parenting adolescents in the mass incarceration era: the long reach of criminalization","volume":"84","author":"Elliott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Socio. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2649","article-title":"Psychobiology and molecular genetics of resilience","volume":"10","author":"Feder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-014-0303-z","article-title":"The schooling of offspring and the survival of parents","volume":"51","author":"Friedman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib18","first-page":"207","article-title":"The weathering hypothesis and the health of African-American women and infants: evidence and speculations","volume":"2","author":"Geronimus","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ethn. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.060749","article-title":"\u201c\u2018Weathering\u2019 and age patterns of allostatic load scores among Blacks and whites in the United States","volume":"96","author":"Geronimus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1571","article-title":"Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health","volume":"5","author":"Glaser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib21","series-title":"On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City","author":"Goffman","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146519882328","article-title":"Linked lives in double jeopardy: child incarceration and maternal health at midlife","volume":"60","author":"Goldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2006.00262.x","article-title":"Impact of adult sons\u2019 incarceration on African American mothers\u2019 psychological distress","volume":"68","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01397.x","article-title":"Do background stressors influence reactivity to and recovery from acute stressors?","volume":"29","author":"Gump","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12341","article-title":"The intergenerational consequences of parental health limitations","volume":"79","author":"Hardie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21741","article-title":"Making ends meet after prison","volume":"33","author":"Harding","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pol. Anal. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4991.1995.tb00121.x","article-title":"The loss of earnings capability from disability\/health limitations: toward a new social indicator","volume":"41","author":"Haveman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Income Wealth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-204637","article-title":"Getting sick and falling behind: health and the risk of mortgage default and home foreclosure","volume":"69","author":"Houle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib29","series-title":"\u201cTime Served in State Prison, 2016.\u201d Technical Report","author":"Kaeble","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12114-011-9112-4","article-title":"Things fall apart: health consequences of mass imprisonment for African American women","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Black Polit. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301504","article-title":"A heavy burden: the cardiovascular health consequences of having a family member incarcerated","volume":"104","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X15000065","article-title":"Racial inequalities in connectedness to imprisoned individuals in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Du Bois Review: Soc. Sci. Res. Race"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.22.1.79","article-title":"Adult child \u2013 parent relationships","volume":"22","author":"Lye","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-011-0014-7","article-title":"A multigenerational view of inequality","volume":"48","author":"Mare","year":"2011","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650804900105","article-title":"Incarceration as exposure: the prison, infectious disease, and other stress-related illnesses","volume":"49","author":"Massoglia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112326","article-title":"Incarceration and health","volume":"41","author":"Massoglia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/90.1.133","article-title":"Stigma or separation? Understanding the incarceration-divorce relationship","volume":"90","author":"Massoglia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Forces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x","article-title":"Stress, adaptation, and disease: allostasis and allostatic load","volume":"840","author":"McEwen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.1.29","article-title":"Differential correlates of physical activity in urban and rural adults of various socioeconomic backgrounds in the United States","volume":"57","author":"Parks","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2307\/2136676","article-title":"The stress process","volume":"22","author":"Pearlin","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650504600206","article-title":"Stress, health, and the life course: some conceptual perspectives","volume":"46","author":"Pearlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib42","series-title":"Nuclear Family Values, Extended Family Lives","author":"Sarkisian","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650704800202","article-title":"Enduring stigma: the long-term effects of incarceration on health","volume":"48","author":"Schnittker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1086\/231213","article-title":"Intergenerational solidarity and the structure of adult child\u2013parent relationships in American families","volume":"103","author":"Silverstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3138\/jcfs.24.2.157","article-title":"Kinscripts","volume":"24","author":"Stack","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Comp. Fam. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122417713188","article-title":"Beyond incarceration: criminal justice contact and mental health","volume":"82","author":"Sugie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Socio. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510383499","article-title":"Stress and health: major findings and policy implications","volume":"51","author":"Thoits","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-012-0155-3","article-title":"From child to parent? The significance of children\u2019s education for their parents\u2019 longevity","volume":"50","author":"Torssander","year":"2013","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib49","series-title":"The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146514544173","article-title":"Stress proliferation across generations? Examining the relationship between parental incarceration and childhood health","volume":"55","author":"Turney","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12425","article-title":"Health limitations among mothers and fathers: implications for parenting","volume":"80","author":"Turney","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.2307\/353252","article-title":"Relationships between adult children and their parents: psychological consequences for both generations","volume":"54","author":"Umberson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib53","series-title":"Children of the Prison Boom: Mass Incarceration and the Future of American Inequality","author":"Wakefield","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00347-9","article-title":"Marriage protection and marriage selection \u2013 prospective evidence for reciprocal effects of marital status and health","volume":"43","author":"Waldron","year":"1996","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1086\/681301","article-title":"Stress and hardship after prison","volume":"120","author":"Western","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3","article-title":"Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA","volume":"389","author":"Wildeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122411436234","article-title":"Despair by association? The mental health of mothers with children by recently incarcerated fathers","volume":"77","author":"Wildeman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Socio. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1086\/512712","article-title":"Cumulative advantage processes as mechanisms of inequality in life course health","volume":"112","author":"Willson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib59","series-title":"Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach","author":"Wooldridge","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.03.016","article-title":"Measurement of health, health inequality, and reporting heterogeneity","volume":"71","author":"Ziebarth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953620304834?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953620304834?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T15:32:59Z","timestamp":1759505579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953620304834"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["S0277953620304834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31235\/osf.io\/t9g67","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The strain of sons' incarceration on mothers\u2019 health","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113264","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113264"}}