{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T06:41:31Z","timestamp":1793515291185,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:37:08Z","timestamp":1610066228000},"page":"113631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"special_numbering":"C","title":["\u201cAnd we just have to keep going\u201d: Task shifting and the production of burnout among overdose response workers with lived experience"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"270","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Olding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7919-5995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jade","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"McNeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.02.004","article-title":"The perspectives of structurally vulnerable people who use drugs on volunteer stipends and work experiences provided through a drug user organization: opportunities and limitations","volume":"55","author":"Bardwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib2","series-title":"Toronto Is Now Home to World's First Harm-Reduction Workers' Union","author":"Bedard","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.05.050","article-title":"Today's fentanyl crisis: prohibition's Iron Law, revisited","volume":"46","author":"Beletsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1177\/1468017314552158","article-title":"Burnout among trauma social workers: the contribution of personal and environmental resources","volume":"14","author":"Ben-Porat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Soc. Work"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089809056260","article-title":"The moral economies of homeless heroin addicts: confronting ethnography, HIV risk, and everyday violence in San Francisco shooting encampments","volume":"33","author":"Bourgois","year":"1998","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib6","series-title":"Search of Respect","author":"Bourgois","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.06.014","article-title":"Transitions in income generation among marginalized people who use drugs: a qualitative study on recycling and vulnerability to violence","volume":"59","author":"Boyd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/phe\/phy001","article-title":"Overdose education and naloxone distribution programmes and the ethics of task shifting","volume":"11","author":"Buchman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Publ. Health Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib9","series-title":"2018 Annual Surveillance Report of Drug-Related Risks and Outcomes\u2014United States","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.06.010","article-title":"Fentanyl in the US heroin supply: a rapidly changing risk environment","volume":"46","author":"Ciccarone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304187","article-title":"Opioid crisis: No easy fix to its social and economic determinants","volume":"108","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.12.005","article-title":"Using drugs in un\/safe spaces: impact of perceived illegality on an underground supervised injecting facility in the United States","volume":"53","author":"Davidson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.12.010","article-title":"Peer helpers' struggles to care for \u201cothers\u201d who inject drugs","volume":"26","author":"Dechman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib14","series-title":"International Housing Affordability Survey","author":"Demographia","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Flexible coding of in-depth interviews: a twenty-first-century approach","author":"Deterding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Socio. Methods Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib16","series-title":"Report on the Second Comprehensive Review of the Market Basket Measure","author":"Djidel","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib17","series-title":"Expert Panel on Effective Ways of Investing in Health: Task Shifting and Health System Design","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1449-4035(05)70050-3","article-title":"Structural neoliberal governance: the nonprofit sector, emerging new modes of control and the marketisation of service delivery, policy and society","volume":"24","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Policy and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.03.013","article-title":"The social logic of naloxone: peer administration, harm reduction and the transformation of social policy","volume":"180","author":"Faulkner-Gurstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102922","article-title":"\u2018Peer\u2019 work as precarious: a qualitative study of work conditions and experience of people who use drugs engaged in harm reduction work","volume":"85","author":"Greer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2018.1494134","article-title":"Paying people who use illicit substances or \u2018peers\u2019 participating in community-based work: a narrative review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Greer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs Educ. Prev. Pol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14664","article-title":"Modelling the combined impact of interventions in averting deaths during a synthetic\u2010opioid overdose epidemic","volume":"114","author":"Irvine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib23","series-title":"Working for a Living Wage: 2019 Update","author":"Ivanavoa","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib24","series-title":"Patient Safety and Quality: an Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses","article-title":"Work stress and burnout among nurses: role of the work environment and working conditions","author":"Jennings","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.07.029","article-title":"Rapid qualitative research methods during complex health emergencies: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"189","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.02.014","article-title":"Peer worker involvement in low-threshold supervised consumption facilities in the context of overdose epidemic in Vancouver, Canada","volume":"225","author":"Kennedy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib27","series-title":"Long Overdue: Why BC Needs a Poverty Reduction Plan","author":"Klein","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.09.012","article-title":"\u2018It's too much, I'm getting really tired of it\u2019: overdose response and structural vulnerabilities among harm reduction workers in community settings","volume":"74","author":"Kolla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.004","article-title":"Naloxone laws facilitate the establishment of overdose education and naloxone distribution programs in the United States","volume":"188","author":"Lambdin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib30","series-title":"Research in Occupational Stress and Well-Being","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1479-3555(03)03003-8","article-title":"Areas of worklife: a structured approach to organizational predictors of job burnout","volume":"vol. 3","author":"Leiter","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.002","article-title":"Peering into the literature: a systematic review of the roles of peers who inject drugs in harm reduction initiatives","volume":"151","author":"Marshall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20311","article-title":"Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry","volume":"15","author":"Maslach","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Psychiatr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0540-y","article-title":"\u201cPeople knew they could come here to get help\u201d: ethnographic study of assisted injection practces at a peer-run \u2018unsanctioned\u2019 supervised drug consumption room in a Canadian setting","volume":"18","author":"McNeil","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib34","series-title":"Burnout, Fatigue, Exhaustion: an Interdisciplinary Perspective on a Modern Affliction","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/09692290.2011.552783","article-title":"Neoliberal convergence in North America and Western Europe: fiscal austerity, privatization and public sector reform","volume":"19","author":"Peters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Int. Polit. Econ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20383","article-title":"Nurse burnout and quality of care: cross-national investigation in six countries","volume":"33","author":"Poghosyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Nurs. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2011.576725","article-title":"Structural vulnerability and health: latino migrant laborers in the United States","volume":"30","author":"Quesada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-205079","article-title":"Socioeconomic marginalisation in the structural production of vulnerability to violence among people who use illicit drugs","volume":"69","author":"Richardson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiolpgy and Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.10.015","article-title":"The impact of social, structural and physical environmental factors on transitions into employment among people who inject drugs","volume":"76","author":"Richardson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib40","series-title":"Burnout, Fatigue, Exhaustion: an Interdisciplinary Perspective on a Modern Affliction","first-page":"217","article-title":"Burnout: a short socio-cultural history","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib41","article-title":"A qualitative study of overdose responses among Chicago IDUS","volume":"5","author":"Sherman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib42","series-title":"Deaths, Causes of Death and Life Expectance","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/1084822307305723","article-title":"Horizontal workplace violence","volume":"20","author":"Thobaben","year":"2007","journal-title":"Home Health Care Manag. Pract."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-10-20","article-title":"Task shifting redefined: removing social and structural barriers to improve delivery of HIV services for people who inject drugs","volume":"4","author":"Ti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib45","series-title":"Punishing the Poor: the Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity","author":"Wacquant","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.01.017","article-title":"The implementation of overdose prevention sites as a novel and nimble response during an illegal drug overdose public health emergency","volume":"66","author":"Wallace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2338","article-title":"Burnout and health care workforce turnover","volume":"17","author":"Willard-Grace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631_bib48","series-title":"Task Shifting: Rational Redistribution of Tasks Among Health Workforce Teams: Global Recommendations and Guidelines","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953620308509?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953620308509?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T15:35:22Z","timestamp":1759505722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953620308509"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0277953620308509"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"\u201cAnd we just have to keep going\u201d: Task shifting and the production of burnout among overdose response workers with lived experience","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113631","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113631"}}