{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:28:01Z","timestamp":1791041281481,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T03:05:22Z","timestamp":1613876722000},"page":"113779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Changes in social relationships during an initial \u201cstay-at-home\u201d phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal survey study in the U.S."],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"274","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0462-6233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey M.","family":"Philpot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Ramar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8734-2393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Roellinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0755-6939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pravesh","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7975-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon O.","family":"Ebbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib1","series-title":"Americans Turn to Technology during COVID-19 Outbreak, Say an Outage Would Be a Problem","author":"Anderson","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020922269","article-title":"Social isolation in Covid-19: the impact of loneliness","volume":"66","author":"Banerjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113521","article-title":"Loneliness during a strict lockdown: trajectories and predictors during the COVID-19 pandemic in 38,217 United Kingdom adults","volume":"265","author":"Bu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113541","article-title":"Changes in daily loneliness for German residents during the first four weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"265","author":"Buecker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2019.02.007","article-title":"Stress and perceived social isolation (loneliness)","volume":"82","author":"Campagne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Practical implications of physical distancing, social isolation, and reduced physicality for older adults in response to COVID-19","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Soc. Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00897213","article-title":"Positive life events and social support and the relationship between life stress and psychological disorder","volume":"12","author":"Cohen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.8.676","article-title":"Social relationships and health","volume":"59","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.2.310","article-title":"Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis","volume":"98","author":"Cohen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028586","article-title":"Assessing social support, companionship, and distress: national institute of health (NIH) toolbox Adult social relationship Scales","volume":"32","author":"Cyranowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113615","article-title":"Change in psychological distress in response to changes in reduced mobility during the early 2020 COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of modest effects from the U.S","volume":"270","author":"Devaraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16495","article-title":"Caregiving at a physical distance: initial thoughts for COVID-19 and beyond","volume":"68","author":"Duong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and social support among adult Egyptians","author":"El-Zoghby","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20200506-02","article-title":"Resilience and emotional support in health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"58","author":"Frias","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychosoc. Nurs. Ment. Health Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.169094","article-title":"Social support and protection from depression: systematic review of current findings in Western countries","volume":"209","author":"Gari\u00e9py","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.154.4.478","article-title":"Social support and the outcome of major depression","volume":"154","author":"George","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.040","article-title":"Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Sanguino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, meaningful communication between family caregivers and residents of long-term care facilities is imperative","author":"Hado","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Aging Soc. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.054","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on individuals living with serious mental illness","author":"Hamada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges","volume":"55","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.10.019","article-title":"Positive mental health-related impacts of the SARS epidemic on the general public in Hong Kong and their associations with other negative impacts","volume":"53","author":"Lau","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib22","article-title":"We're staying at home\". Association of self-perceptions of aging, personal and family resources and loneliness with psychological distress during the lock-down period of COVID-19","author":"Losada-Baltar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132720924874","article-title":"Loneliness and migraine self-management: a cross-sectional assessment","volume":"11","author":"Lui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdp093","article-title":"The association between perceived interpersonal social support and physical and mental health: results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions","volume":"32","author":"Moak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2012.0521","article-title":"Facebook friends with (health) benefits? Exploring social network site use and perceptions of social support, stress, and well-being","volume":"16","author":"Nabi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol., Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000796","article-title":"Mental health ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic for Black Americans: clinical and research recommendations","author":"Novacek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617713052","article-title":"Loneliness and social internet use: pathways to reconnection in a digital world?","volume":"13","author":"Nowland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib28","first-page":"1767","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic in the US: a clinical update","volume":"323","author":"Omer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Americans' COVID-19 stress, coping, and adherence to CDC guidelines","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib30","series-title":"Most Americans Say Coronavirus Outbreak Has Impacted Their Lives","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721710364419","article-title":"Race\/ethnicity, social support, and associations with diabetes self-care and clinical outcomes in NHANES","volume":"36","author":"Rees","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Educat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib32","series-title":"Depression and Loneliness during COVID-19 Restrictions in the United States, and Their Associations with Frequency of Social and Sexual Connections","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.14591","article-title":"Loneliness might Be a killer, but what's the best way to protect against it?","volume":"318","author":"Rubin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0408-3","article-title":"Factors associated with attrition in a longitudinal online study: results from the HaBIDS panel","volume":"17","author":"R\u00fcbsamen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib35","series-title":"Public Health Response to the Initiation and Spread of Pandemic COVID-19 in the United States, February 24\u2013April 21, 2020","author":"Schuchat","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.037","article-title":"The treatment of incomplete data: reporting, analysis, reproducibility, and replicability","volume":"209","author":"Sidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510395592","article-title":"Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health","volume":"52","author":"Thoits","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib38","series-title":"Social Support and Physical Health: Understanding the Health Consequences of Relationships","author":"Uchino","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2016.0201","article-title":"Instagram use, loneliness, and social comparison orientation: interact and browse on social media, but don't compare","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol., Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779_bib40","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in liaoning province, China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953621001118?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953621001118?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T15:35:18Z","timestamp":1759505718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953621001118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0277953621001118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Changes in social relationships during an initial \u201cstay-at-home\u201d phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal survey study in the U.S.","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113779","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113779"}}