{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:13:22Z","timestamp":1793319202769,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T20:56:37Z","timestamp":1633985797000},"page":"114478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Associations between childhood adversities and late-life cognitive function: Potential mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"291","author":[{"given":"Ruoxi","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.3.602","article-title":"Height as a marker of childhood development and late-life cognitive function: the Honolulu\u2013Asia Aging Study","volume":"102","author":"Abbott","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s11618-009-0081-3","article-title":"Childhood adversity, educational trajectories, and self-reported health in later life among US women and men at the turn of the century","volume":"12","author":"Angela","year":"2009","journal-title":"Z. f\u00fcr Erziehungswiss. (ZfE)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000430","article-title":"Measuring childhood adversity in life course cardiovascular research: a systematic review","volume":"79","author":"Appleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0097","article-title":"Agreement between prospective and retrospective measures of childhood maltreatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Baldwin","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200502000-00005","article-title":"Relationship between body height and dementia","volume":"13","author":"Beeri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32833ad79b","article-title":"Childhood adversities of populations living in low-income countries: prevalence, characteristics, and mental health consequences","volume":"23","author":"Benjet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2007.00594.x","article-title":"The importance of impaired physical health and age in normal cognitive aging","volume":"48","author":"Bergman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-006-0039-8","article-title":"Self-rated health status as a predictor of death, functional and cognitive impairment: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Bond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(95)02800-5","article-title":"Deficits in short-term memory in adult survivors of childhood abuse","volume":"59","author":"Bremner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000142027.52893.c8","article-title":"Deficits in verbal declarative memory function in women with childhood sexual abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"192","author":"Bremner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3220","article-title":"Creating memories for false autobiographical events in childhood: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Brewin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Cognit. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib12","series-title":"Child Abuse Trauma: Theory and Treatment of the Lasting Effects","author":"Briere","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124192021002005","article-title":"Alternative ways of assessing model fit","volume":"21","author":"Browne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Socio. Methods Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P163","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/57.2.P163","article-title":"Education, wealth, and cognitive function in later life","volume":"57","author":"Cagney","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2019.102417","article-title":"Early-life deprivation and health outcomes in adulthood: evidence from childhood hunger episodes of middle-aged and elderly Chinese","volume":"143","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dev. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559509355316","article-title":"Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect on adult economic well-being","volume":"15","author":"Currie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child. Maltreat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S327","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/58.6.S327","article-title":"Cumulative advantage\/disadvantage and the life course: cross-fertilizing age and social science theory","volume":"58","author":"Dannefer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.06.013","article-title":"Childhood adversity and cognitive functioning in patients with major depression","volume":"70","author":"Dannehl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-010-9165-9","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease: a review of the evidence","volume":"39","author":"Dedert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407503206006","article-title":"Childhood family adversity and the quality of marital relationships in young adulthood","volume":"20","author":"Doucet","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Soc. Pers. Relat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study","volume":"14","author":"Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122415619617","article-title":"Childhood disadvantage and health problems in middle and later life: early imprints on physical health?","volume":"81","author":"Ferraro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. Socio. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.05.013","article-title":"Pathways from childhood abuse and other adversities to adult health risks: the role of adult socioeconomic conditions","volume":"51","author":"Font","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbp029","article-title":"Childhood living conditions, socioeconomic position in adulthood, and cognition in later life: exploring the associations","volume":"64","author":"Fors","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00767-7","article-title":"An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia","volume":"3","author":"Fratiglioni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244019879135","article-title":"Early parental death and cognitive impairment in late life: a cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr509","article-title":"Is cognitive aging predicted by one's own or one's parents' educational level? Results from the three-city study","volume":"175","author":"Glymour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2462","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2462","article-title":"Association between mid-life marital status and cognitive function in later life: population based cohort study","volume":"339","author":"H\u00e5kansson","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbt114","article-title":"Housing wealth, psychological well-being, and cognitive functioning of older Americans","volume":"69","author":"Hamoudi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.09.014","article-title":"Measuring the relationships between adverse childhood experiences and educational and employment success in England and Wales: findings from a retrospective study","volume":"165","author":"Hardcastle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(94)90006-X","article-title":"Childhood adversity, attachment security, and adult relationships: a preliminary study","volume":"15","author":"Hill","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ethol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.07.026","article-title":"Longitudinal association of child maltreatment and cognitive functioning: implications for child development","volume":"84","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-016-0740-8","article-title":"The link between adverse childhood experiences and diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Huffhines","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.13.8","article-title":"Stress and anxiety across the lifespan: structural plasticity and epigenetic regulation","volume":"5","author":"Hunter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1295","article-title":"Does arm length indicate cognitive and functional reserve?","volume":"20","author":"Jeong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatr.: A journal of the psychiatry of late life and allied sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp154","article-title":"Trajectories of cognitive function in late life in the United States: demographic and socioeconomic predictors","volume":"170","author":"Karlamangla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.080499","article-title":"Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO world mental health surveys","volume":"197","author":"Kessler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.09.028","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and SES among the mid-aged and elderly in China: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study national baseline","volume":"120","author":"Lei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1301300407","article-title":"Little's test of missing completely at random","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"STATA J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.73.4.381","article-title":"Cumulative adversity and posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence from a diverse community sample of young adults","volume":"73","author":"Lloyd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.09.012","article-title":"Cumulative lifetime adversities and alcohol dependence in adolescence and young adulthood","volume":"93","author":"Lloyd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2007.02.007","article-title":"The effects of stress and stress hormones on human cognition: implications for the field of brain and cognition","volume":"65","author":"Lupien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Cognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2639","article-title":"Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition","volume":"10","author":"Lupien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144505","article-title":"A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology","volume":"26","author":"Lynch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264315585504","article-title":"Socioeconomic status across the life course and cognitive function among older adults: an examination of the latency, pathways, and accumulation hypotheses","volume":"28","author":"Lyu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-10-61","article-title":"Association of childhood trauma with cognitive function in healthy adults: a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Majer","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx155","article-title":"Contribution of socioeconomic status at 3 life-course periods to late-life memory function and decline: early and late predictors of dementia risk","volume":"186","author":"Marden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1997.11.1.19","article-title":"Retrospective reporting of childhood adversity: issues in assessing long-term recall","volume":"11","author":"Maughan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pers. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2015.1110823","article-title":"Future directions in childhood adversity and youth psychopathology","volume":"45","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.04.008","article-title":"Mechanisms linking childhood adversity with psychopathology: learning as an intervention target","volume":"118","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.10.021","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and life opportunities: shifting the narrative","volume":"72","author":"Metzler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024768","article-title":"Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms","volume":"137","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.2.415","article-title":"Early-life risk factors and the development of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"54","author":"Moceri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00309-8","article-title":"Social class, assets, organizational control and the prevalence of common groups of psychiatric disorders","volume":"47","author":"Muntaner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.18.1.45","article-title":"Effects of childhood sexual abuse on neuropsychological and cognitive function in college women","volume":"18","author":"Navalta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00307","article-title":"Hippocampal volume varies with educational attainment across the life-span","volume":"6","author":"Noble","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2015.1136357","article-title":"Early childhood social disadvantage is associated with poor health behaviours in adulthood","volume":"43","author":"Non","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200504000-00006","article-title":"Developmental, cognitive, and neuropsychological functioning in preschool-aged foster children: associations with prior maltreatment and placement history","volume":"26","author":"Pears","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.02.239","article-title":"220. Childhood adversity disrupts cognitive control development and function","volume":"83","author":"Peters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-5-7","article-title":"Evaluating the evidence for models of life course socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Pollitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2553","article-title":"Adverse childhood environment and late\u2010life cognitive functioning","volume":"26","author":"Ritchie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988708328220","article-title":"Parental education and late-life dementia in the United States","volume":"22","author":"Rogers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatr. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.14.3.483","article-title":"The continuing effects of substantively complex work on the intellectual functioning of older workers","volume":"14","author":"Schooler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4930","article-title":"Associations of childhood socioeconomic status with mid\u2010life and late\u2010life cognition in Chinese middle\u2010aged and older population based on a 5\u2010year period cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Sha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31827f09cd","article-title":"Social isolation and loneliness: relationships with cognitive function during 4 years of follow-up in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing","volume":"75","author":"Shankar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.6.4.317","article-title":"The use of multiple imputation for the analysis of missing data","volume":"6","author":"Sinharay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib67","first-page":"19","article-title":"Early childhood adversity and later hypertension: data from the World Mental Health Survey","volume":"22","author":"Stein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Psychiatr.: official journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib68","series-title":"What Is Cognitive Reserve? Theory and Research Application of the Reserve Concept","author":"Stern","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004","article-title":"Cognitive reserve","volume":"47","author":"Stern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.04.026","article-title":"How does childhood maltreatment influence ensuing cognitive functioning among people with the exposure of childhood maltreatment? A systematic review of prospective cohort studies","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12376","article-title":"Tracing differential pathways of risk: associations among family adversity, cortisol, and cognitive functioning in childhood","volume":"86","author":"Suor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e262","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30094-X","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences or adverse childhood socioeconomic conditions?","volume":"3","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.039","article-title":"Victimization and adversity among children experiencing war-related parental absence or deployment in a nationally representative US sample","volume":"67","author":"Turner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.026","article-title":"Childhood adversity and adult health: evaluating intervening mechanisms","volume":"156","author":"Turner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146514521426","article-title":"Race, gender, and chains of disadvantage: childhood adversity, social relationships, and health","volume":"55","author":"Umberson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P213","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/61.4.P213","article-title":"Marital status and living situation during a 5-year period are associated with a subsequent 10-year cognitive decline in older men: the FINE Study","volume":"61","author":"van Gelder","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032315-021402","article-title":"Mediation analysis: a practitioner's guide","volume":"37","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6811.2006.00124.x","article-title":"Childhood trauma and marital outcomes in adulthood","volume":"13","author":"Whisman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pers. Relat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","article-title":"Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice","volume":"30","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.18.2237","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline","volume":"292","author":"Yaffe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264317715975","article-title":"The long arm of childhood in China: early-life conditions and cognitive function among middle-aged and older adults","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys203","article-title":"Cohort profile: the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS)","volume":"43","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478_bib83","series-title":"China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study\u20132011\u20132012 National Baseline Users' Guide","first-page":"1","author":"Zhao","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953621008108?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953621008108?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T17:03:39Z","timestamp":1720631019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953621008108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["S0277953621008108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Associations between childhood adversities and late-life cognitive function: Potential mechanisms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114478","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114478"}}