{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T20:43:16Z","timestamp":1783802596817,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":369,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012676","name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012676","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T03:10:50Z","timestamp":1636427450000},"page":"114559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Parents and coaches as transformational leaders: Motivating high school athletes\u2019 intentions to report concussion symptoms across socioeconomic statuses"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"292","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8301-1386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dee","family":"Warmath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Winterstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0214-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Myrden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.2235","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and concussion reporting: the distinct and mediating roles of gist processing, knowledge, and attitudes","author":"Ajayi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Behav. Decis. Making"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5093\/pi2019a7","article-title":"Transformational parenting style, autonomy support, and their implications for adolescent athletes' burnout","volume":"28","author":"\u00c1lvarez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interv. Psicosoc."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2006.11.003","article-title":"Autonomy-supportive coaching and self-determined motivation in high school and college athletes: a test of self-determination theory","volume":"8","author":"Amorose","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.81.6.827","article-title":"Effects of transformational leadership training on attitudinal and financial outcomes: a field experiment","volume":"81","author":"Barling","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib5","series-title":"Transformational Leadership","author":"Bass","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib6","series-title":"Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations","author":"Bass","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib7","series-title":"The Coach-Parent-Athlete Triangle: an Investigation in Age Group Swimming","author":"Bass","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib8","series-title":"Pluralistic Ignorance as a Contributing Factor to Concussion Underreporting","author":"Baugh","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib9","series-title":"Handbook of Parenting: Practical Issues in Parenting","author":"Bornstein","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib10","series-title":"Socioeconomic Status, Parenting, and Child Development: the Hollingshead Four-Factor Index of Social Status and the Socioeconomic Index of Occupations","author":"Bornstein","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib11","series-title":"Leadership","author":"Burns","year":"1978"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600002341","article-title":"Using self-determination theory to explain sport persistence and dropout in adolescent athletes","volume":"13","author":"Calvo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spanish J. Psychol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02686.x","article-title":"Transformational leadership and sports performance: the mediating role of intrinsic motivation","volume":"31","author":"Charbonneau","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.113.3.487","article-title":"Parenting style as context: an integrative model","volume":"113","author":"Darling","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00833.x","article-title":"Some practical guidelines for measuring youth's race\/ethnicity and socioeconomic status","volume":"65","author":"Entwislea","year":"1994","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215030","article-title":"Pilots and athletes: different concerns, similar concussion non-disclosure","volume":"14","author":"Foster","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1740898042000334890","article-title":"Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development","volume":"10","author":"Fraser-Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib18","series-title":"Consequences of Growing up Poor","first-page":"190","article-title":"Economic resources, parental practices, and children's well-being","author":"Hanson","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib19","first-page":"151","article-title":"The coach\/parent\/athlete relationship","volume":"1","author":"Hellstedt","year":"1987","journal-title":"Sport Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib20","first-page":"161","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and parenting","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Hoff-Ginsberg","year":"1995"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.904049","article-title":"Disclosure and non-disclosure of concussion and concussion symptoms in athletes: review and application of the socio-ecological framework","volume":"28","author":"Kerr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Collegiate athletes' perceptions of the culture of concussion reporting","author":"Kneavel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.12.037","article-title":"Parental concern about concussion risk for their children","volume":"222","author":"Kroshus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.2017-0036","article-title":"History of concussion diagnosis, differences in concussion reporting behavior, and self-described reasons for non-report","volume":"14","author":"Kroshus","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sport Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092498","article-title":"NCAA concussion education in ice hockey: an ineffective mandate","volume":"48","author":"Kroshus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.04.011","article-title":"Concussion under-reporting and pressure from coaches, teammates, fans, and parents","volume":"134","author":"Kroshus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib27","author":"Lempke"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200401000-00003","article-title":"Unreported concussion in high school football players: implications for prevention","volume":"14","author":"McCrea","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2059700219894104","article-title":"Student-athlete concussion disclosure and coach communication within collegiate athletics","volume":"3","author":"Milroy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Concussion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/17437191003717489","article-title":"Extending transformational leadership theory to parenting and adolescent health behaviours: an integrative and theoretical review","volume":"4","author":"Morton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.33.5.688","article-title":"The application of transformational leadership theory to parenting: Questionnaire development and implications for adolescent self-regulatory efficacy and life satisfaction","volume":"33","author":"Morton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.17.1.35","article-title":"Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS)","volume":"17","author":"Pelletier","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib33","series-title":"Positive Youth Development through Sport","first-page":"61","article-title":"Youth development through sport: it's all about relationships","author":"Petitpas","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2006.20786079","article-title":"Transformational leadership and job behaviors: the mediating role of core job characteristics","volume":"49","author":"Piccolo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-9843(02)00183-2","article-title":"Back to basics: applying parenting perspective to transformational leadership","volume":"14","author":"Popper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Leader. Q."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.12.02","article-title":"A multifactorial approach to sport-related concussion prevention and education: application of the socioecological framework","volume":"52","author":"Register-Mihalik","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-223-17","article-title":"Demographic, parental, and personal factors and youth athletes' concussion-related knowledge and beliefs","volume":"53","author":"Register-Mihalik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200600944082","article-title":"Transformational and transactional leadership in martial arts","volume":"18","author":"Rowold","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","article-title":"Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2015.1076399","article-title":"The role of parenting styles and socio-economic status in parents' knowledge of child development","volume":"186","author":"September","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Child. Dev. Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/002188638201800303","article-title":"Leadership: the management of meaning","volume":"18","author":"Smircich","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Appl. Behav. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2010.03.004","article-title":"Transformational leadership and childrens' aggression in team settings: a short-term longitudinal study","volume":"21","author":"Tucker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leader. Q."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2016.1189948","article-title":"Applying transformational leadership theory to coaching research in youth sport: a systematic literature review","volume":"16","author":"Turnnidge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294117709261","article-title":"The Spanish adaptation of the Sport Motivation Scale-II in adolescent athletes","volume":"120","author":"Viciana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib45","article-title":"Sport motivation as a possible indicator of concussion reporting intentions among young athletes","author":"Warmath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-9843(00)00041-2","article-title":"Development and effects of transformational leadership in adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Zacharatos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Leader. Q."}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953621008911?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953621008911?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T15:50:53Z","timestamp":1759506653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953621008911"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0277953621008911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Parents and coaches as transformational leaders: Motivating high school athletes\u2019 intentions to report concussion symptoms across socioeconomic statuses","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114559","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114559"}}