{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:16:22Z","timestamp":1793106982565,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]],"date-time":"2022-02-05T02:43:25Z","timestamp":1644029005000},"page":"114784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Proposing network analysis for early life adversity: An application on life event data"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"296","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4369-6314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tjeerd Rudmer","family":"de Vries","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4268-9243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Arends","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naja","family":"Hulvej Rod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albertine J.","family":"Oldehinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9589-9220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ute","family":"B\u00fcltmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02063-3","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among a community-based sample of parents and adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Afifi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib2","first-page":"343","article-title":"Hetero- geneous impacts: adverse childhood experiences and cancer screening","volume":"29","author":"Alcal\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e517","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30145-8","article-title":"Life course health consequences and associated annual costs of adverse childhood experiences across Europe and North America: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Bellis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib4","series-title":"Journal of Public Health (United Kingdom)","article-title":"Measuring mortality and the burden of adult disease associated with adverse childhood experiences in England: a national survey","author":"Bellis","year":"2015"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027217","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Danish LIFE course (DANLIFE) cohort, a prospective register-based cohort of all children born in Denmark since 1980","volume":"9","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2017.04.161","article-title":"Methods to assess adverse childhood experiences of children and families: toward approaches to promote child well-being in policy and practice","volume":"17","author":"Bethell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-020-00129-w","article-title":"General psychopathology links burden recent life events and psychotic symptoms in a network approach","volume":"6","author":"Betz","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophrenia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib8","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and trajectories of internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behaviors from childhood to adolescence","volume":"112","author":"Bevilaqua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00055-w","article-title":"Network analysis of multivariate data in psychological science","volume":"1","author":"Borsboom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Methods Primers"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000768","article-title":"All adverse childhood experiences are not equal: the contribution of synergy to adverse childhood experience scores","volume":"76","author":"Briggs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.08.014","article-title":"Comparing cumulative index and factor analytic approaches to measuring maltreatment in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health","volume":"87","author":"Brumley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.12.022","article-title":"The association between child maltreatment and adult poverty \u2013 a systematic review of longitudinal research","volume":"77","author":"Bunting","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib13","article-title":"Reporting standards for psychological network analyses in cross-sectional data","author":"Burger","year":"2020","journal-title":"PsyArXiv Preprints"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104185","article-title":"Co-occurrence of adverse childhood experiences and its association with family characteristics. A latent class analysis with Dutch population data","volume":"98","author":"Bussemakers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib15","series-title":"Identifying Underlying Constructs of Childhood Adversity in a Low-Income Population","author":"Cohen-Cline","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-004-4948-6","article-title":"Evaluation of non-response bias in mental health determinants and outcomes in a large sample of pre-adolescents","volume":"20","author":"De Winter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","article-title":"Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: a tutorial paper","volume":"50","author":"Epskamp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study","volume":"14","author":"Felliti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib53","first-page":"567","article-title":"High-dimensional Ising model selection with Bayesian information criteria","volume":"9","author":"Foygel Barber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. J. Stat."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib19","first-page":"1129","article-title":"Graph drawing by force-directed placement","volume":"1","author":"Fruchterman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Software: Pract. Exp."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0086-8","article-title":"Developmental patterns of adverse childhood experiences and current symptoms and impairment in youth referred for trauma-specific services","volume":"44","author":"Grasso","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Moderated network models","author":"Haslbeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib22","series-title":"Interpreting the Ising Model: the Input Matters","author":"Haslbeck","year":"2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v093.i08","article-title":"Mgm: structure estimation for time-varying mixed graphical models in high-dimensional data","volume":"93","author":"Haslbeck","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stat. Software"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/21642850.2018.1521283","article-title":"Network analysis: a brief overview and tutorial","volume":"6","author":"Hevey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Meth. Health Psychol. Behav. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","article-title":"The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym273","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Dutch \u201cTRacking Adolescents\u201d individual lives' survey\u2019; TRAILS","volume":"37","author":"Huisman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.12.019","article-title":"The long-term association of adverse childhood experiences with C-reactive protein and hair cortisol: cumulative risk versus dimensions of adversity","volume":"87","author":"Iob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw055","article-title":"A network approach to psychosis: pathways between childhood trauma and psychotic symptoms","volume":"43","author":"Isvoranu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-018-0237-5","article-title":"Expanding the original definition of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)","author":"Karatekin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib30","series-title":"Markov Random Fields and Their Applications","author":"Kindermann","year":"1980"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13135","article-title":"Practitioner Review: twenty years of research with adverse childhood experience scores \u2013 advantages, disadvantages and applications to practice","volume":"61","author":"Lacey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.017","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and adult inflammation: single adversity, cumulative risk and latent class approaches","volume":"87","author":"Lacey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gby018","article-title":"An enduring health risk of childhood adversity: earlier, more severe, and longer lasting work disability in adult life","volume":"74","author":"Laditka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib34","series-title":"Graphical Models","author":"Lauritzen","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01264-x","article-title":"The social ecology of childhood and early life adversity","volume":"89","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2016.06.007","article-title":"Vital nodes identification in complex networks","volume":"650","author":"L\u00fc","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib37","first-page":"301","article-title":"The mental health ecosystem: extending symptom networks with risk and protective factors","volume":"12","author":"Lunanksy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721416655883","article-title":"Beyond cumulative risk: a dimensional approach to childhood adversity","volume":"25","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.03.016","article-title":"Unpacking the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult mental health","volume":"69","author":"Merrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib40","article-title":"Adversity in childhood is linked to mental and physical health throughout life","volume":"371","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib41","series-title":"Networks: an Introduction","author":"Newman","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu225","article-title":"Cohort profile update: the tracking adolescents' individual lives survey (TRAILS)","volume":"44","author":"Oldehinkel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174419000886","article-title":"Latent factors of adverse childhood experiences and adult-onset asthma","volume":"12","author":"Ospina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dev. Origins Health Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib44","series-title":"Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference","author":"Pearl","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib45","article-title":"Comparison of depression and anxiety symptom networks in reporters and non-reporters of lifetime trauma in two samples of differing severity","volume":"6","author":"Peel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000809","article-title":"Science, practise, and policy related to adverse childhood experiences: framing the conversation","volume":"76","author":"Portwood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30621-8","article-title":"Trajectories of childhood adversity and mortality in early adulthood: a population-based cohort study","volume":"396","author":"Rod","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00158-4","article-title":"Hospitalisation patterns among children exposed to childhood adversities: a population-based cohort study of half a million children","author":"Rod","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib49","first-page":"27","article-title":"Generalisations of the clustering coefficient to weighted complex networks","volume":"75","author":"Saram\u00e4ki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12934","article-title":"Network structure reveals clusters of associations between childhood adversities and development outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Sheridan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib51","series-title":"A Tutorial on R Package Network Comparison Test (NCT)","author":"van Borkulo","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5918","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05918","article-title":"A new method for constructing networks from binary data","volume":"4","author":"van Borkulo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953622000909?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953622000909?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T15:50:02Z","timestamp":1759506602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953622000909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0277953622000909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Proposing network analysis for early life adversity: An application on life event data","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114784"}}