{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:54:08Z","timestamp":1790787248663,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":1073,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2C-HD058484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2C-HD058484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007107","name":"Institute for Population Research, Ohio State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]],"date-time":"2022-09-24T20:27:05Z","timestamp":1664051225000},"page":"115387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Shades of health: Skin color, ethnicity, and mental health among Black Americans"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"313","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Bijou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6926-2541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia G","family":"Colen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.10.1543","article-title":"The Latino mortality paradox: a test of the \u2018Salmon bias\u2019 and healthy migrant hypotheses","volume":"89","author":"Abra\u00eddo-Lanza","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.01.016","article-title":"Do healthy behaviors decline with greater acculturation?: implications for the Latino mortality paradox","volume":"61","author":"Abra\u00eddo-Lanza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.035964","article-title":"Negro, Black, Black African, African Caribbean, African American or what? Labelling African origin populations in the health arena in the 21st century","volume":"59","author":"Agyemang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib4","series-title":"A Rising Share of the U.S. Black Population Is Foreign Born","author":"Anderson","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2307\/2095777","article-title":"Social structure, stress, and mental health: competing conceptual and analytic models","volume":"56","author":"Aneshensel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2006.0011","article-title":"Unhealthy assimilation: why do immigrants converge to American health status levels?","volume":"43","author":"Antecol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Demography (Springer Nature)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-0062-y","article-title":"Perceptions of intragroup rejection and coping strategies: malleable factors affecting hispanic adolescents' emotional and academic outcomes","volume":"43","author":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11206-006-9013-7","article-title":"Exploring the racial identities of Black immigrants in the United States","volume":"21","author":"Benson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sociol. Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.04.008","article-title":"Self-reported health, perceived racial discrimination, and skin color in African Americans in the CARDIA study","volume":"63","author":"Borrell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1353\/dss.2012.0074","article-title":"A linked fate: Barack Obama and Black America","volume":"59","author":"Brooks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dissent"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.4.347","article-title":"Why do Mexican Americans give birth to few low-birth-weight infants?","volume":"152","author":"Buekens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2016.06.007","article-title":"Self-identified race, socially assigned skin tone, and adult physiological dysregulation: assessing multiple dimensions of \u2018race\u2019 in health disparities research","volume":"2","author":"Cobb","year":"2016","journal-title":"SSM - Popul. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.07.004","article-title":"Do rising tides lift all boats? Racial disparities in health across the lifecourse among middle-class African-Americans and Whites","volume":"6","author":"Colen","year":"2018","journal-title":"SSM - Popul. Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303452","article-title":"Race and skin color in Latino health: an analytic review","volume":"106","author":"Cuevas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib15","series-title":"Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics","author":"Dawson","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190640","article-title":"The effects of skin tone, height, and gender on earnings","volume":"13","author":"Devaraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-060116-053315","article-title":"Skin color and colorism: global research, concepts, and measurement","volume":"43","author":"Dixon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-070308-115929","article-title":"Social class differentials in health and mortality: patterns and explanations in comparative perspective","volume":"35","author":"Elo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.9.781","article-title":"Immigration and mental health: why are immigrants better off?","volume":"55","author":"Escobar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib20","first-page":"77","article-title":"The weathering hypothesis and the health of African-American women and infants: implications for the reproductive strategies and policy analysis","author":"Geronimus","year":"1994","journal-title":"Power Decis.: Soc. Control Reprod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300891","article-title":"Mental health of African Americans and Caribbean Blacks in the United States: results from the national epidemiological survey on alcohol and related conditions","volume":"103","author":"Gibbs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib22","series-title":"Racism in the 21st Century","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146511405335","article-title":"Mexican American birthweight and child overweight: unraveling a possible early life course health transition","volume":"52","author":"Hamilton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib24","series-title":"Racial Economic Inequality amid the COVID-19 Crisis","author":"Hardy","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib25","article-title":"Light privilege? Skin tone stratification in health among African Americans","volume":"2332649218793670","author":"Hargrove","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sociol. Race Ethn."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798405278192","article-title":"The intragroup stigmatization of skin tone among Black Americans","volume":"31","author":"Harvey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Black Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.01.002","article-title":"Anxiety disorders among African Americans, Blacks of Caribbean descent, and non-hispanic Whites in the United States","volume":"23","author":"Himle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2307\/202552","article-title":"Color differentiation in the American systems of slavery","volume":"3","author":"Horowitz","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Interdiscipl. Hist."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib29","first-page":"459","article-title":"Adult mortality differentials among hispanic subgroups and non-hispanic Whites","volume":"81","author":"Hummer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib30","series-title":"Race, Gender, and the Politics of Skin Tone","author":"Hunter","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib31","series-title":"Racism in the 21st Century: an Empirical Analysis of Skin Color","first-page":"63","article-title":"The cost of color: what we pay for being Black and Brown","author":"Hunter","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.010","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of depression and serious psychological distress in United States immigrant and non-immigrant populations, 2010 \u2013 2016","volume":"274","author":"Ikonte","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.177","article-title":"The national survey of American life: a study of racial, ethnic and cultural influences on mental disorders and mental health","volume":"13","author":"Jackson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1177\/0021934715586506","article-title":"Structural constraints and lived realities: negotiating racial and ethnic identities for African Caribbeans in the United States","volume":"46","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Black Stud."},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-009-9706-5","article-title":"Discriminatory experiences and depressive symptoms among African American women: do skin tone and mastery matter?","volume":"62","author":"Keith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex. Roles"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-020-09287-z","article-title":"Examining race in Jamaica: how racial category and skin color structure social inequality","volume":"12","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Race Soc. Probl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib37","series-title":"In Shades of Difference : Why Skin Color Matters","first-page":"95","article-title":"Caucasian, coolie, Black, or white? Color and race in the Indo-Caribbean Diaspora","author":"Khan","year":"2009"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691619851781","article-title":"Skin-tone trauma: historical and contemporary influences on the health and interpersonal outcomes of African Americans","volume":"14","author":"Landor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2307\/2626958","article-title":"Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease","volume":"35","author":"Link","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2156869318820092","article-title":"Revisiting the cost of skin color: discrimination, mastery, and mental health among Black Adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Louie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib41","series-title":"The Status Syndrome","author":"Marmot","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1086\/682162","article-title":"The cost of color: skin color, discrimination, and health among African-Americans","volume":"121","author":"Monk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1162\/daed_a_01847","article-title":"The unceasing significance of colorism: skin tone stratification in the United States","volume":"150","author":"Monk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Daedalus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2016.1196652","article-title":"Internalized racism and mental health among African-Americans, US-born Caribbean Blacks, and foreign-born Caribbean Blacks","volume":"22","author":"Mouzon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ethn. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-018-9503-3","article-title":"Beyond race\/ethnicity: skin color, gender, and the health of young adults in the United States","volume":"38","author":"Perreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Popul. Res. Pol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112305","article-title":"Is Racism a Fundamental Cause of Inequalities in Health?","volume":"41","author":"Phelan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.12.031","article-title":"Income inequality and health: a causal review","volume":"128","author":"Pickett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib47","series-title":"2022 the State of Mental Health in America","author":"Reinert","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib48","series-title":"Wealth Inequality Has Widened along Racial, Ethnic Lines since End of Great Recession | Pew Research Center","author":"Reynolds","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib49","series-title":"Black like Who? Afro-Caribbean Immigrants, African-Americans, and the Politics of Group Identity","author":"Rogers","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib50","series-title":"The Color Complex: the Politics of Skin Color Among African Americans","author":"Russell","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib51","series-title":"Stress in Health and Disease","author":"Selye","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib52","first-page":"37","article-title":"Economic contractions' neglected impact on African Americans' mental health","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Snowden","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.06.008","article-title":"Relative deprivation in income and self-rated health in the United States","volume":"69","author":"Subramanyam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib53","series-title":"2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: African Americans","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00156.1","article-title":"Using effect size\u2014or why the P value is not enough","volume":"4","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Grad. Med. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.10.010","article-title":"Relative income inequality and selected health outcomes in urban Chinese youth","volume":"74","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.088799","article-title":"Relationships between skin color, income, and blood pressure among African Americans in the CARDIA study","volume":"97","author":"Sweet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"S6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5694\/mja12.10628","article-title":"Depression and anxiety","volume":"199","author":"Tiller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib57","series-title":"2005 and 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Public Use Microdata Samples","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-016-9172-y","article-title":"Perceived skin tone discrimination across contexts: African American women's reports","volume":"8","author":"Uzogara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Race Soc. Probl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib59","series-title":"Crosscurrents: West Indian Immigrants and Race","author":"Vickerman","year":"1999"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.05.010","article-title":"Beyond acculturation: immigration, discrimination, and health research among Mexicans in the United States","volume":"65","author":"Viruell-Fuentes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.12.037","article-title":"More than culture: structural racism, intersectionality theory, and immigrant health","volume":"75","author":"Viruell-Fuentes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-016-0495-y","article-title":"Beyond race\/ethnicity: skin color and cardiometabolic health among Blacks and Hispanics in the United States","volume":"19","author":"Wassink","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minority Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib63","series-title":"Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities","author":"Waters","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib64","series-title":"Color Stories: Black Women and Colorism in the 21st Century","author":"Wilder","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X10390858","article-title":"Teaching and learning color consciousness in Black families: exploring family processes and women's experiences with colorism","volume":"32","author":"Wilder","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Fam. Issues"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146512455804","article-title":"Miles to go before we sleep: racial inequities in health","volume":"53","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"issue":"1_suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510383838","article-title":"Understanding racial-ethnic disparities in health: sociological contributions","volume":"51","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.3.305","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and non-hispanic Whites: results from the national survey of American life","volume":"64","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.088211","article-title":"The mental health of Black Caribbean immigrants: results from the national survey of American life","volume":"97","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000242","article-title":"Understanding associations between race, socioeconomic status and health: patterns and prospects","volume":"35","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Psychol. : Off. J. Div. Health Psychol. Am. Psychol. Assoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1086\/522803","article-title":"The making and unmaking of ethnic boundaries: a multilevel process theory","volume":"113","author":"Wimmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953622006931?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953622006931?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T15:53:28Z","timestamp":1759506808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953622006931"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["S0277953622006931"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Shades of health: Skin color, ethnicity, and mental health among Black Americans","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115387","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115387"}}