{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:37:37Z","timestamp":1793813857771,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:05:51Z","timestamp":1689811551000},"page":"116102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The impact of poverty-reduction intervention on child mental health mediated by family relations: Findings from a cluster-randomized trial in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"332","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7255-7540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leyla","family":"Karimli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred M.","family":"Ssewamala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7936-9123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torsten B.","family":"Neilands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156939","article-title":"Validated screening tools for common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2989\/16085906.2019.1637912","article-title":"Community beliefs, HIV stigma, and depression among adolescents living with HIV in rural Uganda","volume":"18","author":"Ashaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Afr. J. AIDS Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/01900692.2018.1466900","article-title":"Understanding sub-Saharan Africa's extreme poverty tragedy","volume":"42","author":"Asongu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Publ. Adm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/698348","article-title":"Where lies the risk? An ecological approach to understanding child mental health risk and vulnerabilities in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"2014","author":"Atilola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-092821-053234","article-title":"Early childhood development, human capital, and poverty","volume":"14","author":"Attanasio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annual Review of Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.12.018","article-title":"Psychological distress among AIDS orphans in rural Uganda","volume":"61","author":"Atwine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5325\/jafrideve.19.2.0093","article-title":"Can extreme poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa be eliminated by 2030?","volume":"19","author":"Bicaba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of African Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib8","series-title":"Chronic Poverty Rethinking International Development Series","first-page":"60","article-title":"The intergenerational transmission of poverty: an overview","author":"Bird","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10214-z","article-title":"Conceptual causal models of socioeconomic status, family structure, family functioning and their role in public health","volume":"21","author":"Booysen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100742","article-title":"The gender gap in adolescent mental health: a cross-national investigation of 566,829 adolescents across 73 countries","volume":"13","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSM-population health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01757.x","article-title":"Psychological distress amongst AIDS\u2010orphaned children in urban South Africa","volume":"48","author":"Cluver","year":"2007","journal-title":"JCPP (J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x","article-title":"Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development","volume":"72","author":"Conger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib13","article-title":"The prevalence of mental health problems in sub-Saharan adolescents living with HIV: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Dessauvagie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Mental Health"},{"issue":"7760","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1200-9","article-title":"Mapping HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa between 2000 and 2017","volume":"570","author":"Dwyer-Lindgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357","article-title":"Adolescent resilience: a framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk","volume":"26","author":"Fergus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12446","article-title":"Evaluation of a longitudinal family stress model in a population\u2010based cohort","volume":"29","author":"Gard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib17","series-title":"Mediation Analysis. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R","first-page":"139","author":"Hair","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2012.00802.x","article-title":"Adolescent resilience in Northern Uganda: the role of social support and prosocial behavior in reducing mental health problems","volume":"23","author":"Haroz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Res. Adolesc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.12.030","article-title":"How is depression experienced around the world? A systematic review of qualitative literature","volume":"183","author":"Haroz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib20","series-title":"Statistical Strategies for Small Sample Research","first-page":"197","article-title":"Sample size, reliability, and tests of statistical mediation","author":"Hoyle","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model.: A Multidiscip. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251689","article-title":"The prevalence of mental health problems in sub-Saharan adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"J\u00f6rns-Presentati","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.06.011","article-title":"Do savings mediate changes in adolescents' future orientation and health-related outcomes? Findings from randomized experiment in Uganda","volume":"57","author":"Karimli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.03.003","article-title":"Poverty, economic strengthening, and mental health among AIDS orphaned children in Uganda: mediation model in a randomized clinical trial","volume":"228","author":"Karimli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors among adolescents living with HIV\/AIDS in South Western Uganda","author":"Kemigisha","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22140","article-title":"Is neighborhood poverty harmful to every child? Neighborhood poverty, family poverty, and behavioral problems among young children","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Community Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01675-0","article-title":"Rates, types and co-occurrence of emotional and behavioural disorders among perinatally HIV-infected youth in Uganda: the CHAKA study","volume":"54","author":"Kinyanda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatr. Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib28","series-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Kline","year":"2015"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib29","first-page":"455","article-title":"Mental health of HIV\/AIDS orphans: a review","volume":"5","author":"Lata","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. AIDS HIV Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2307\/2626958","article-title":"Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease","author":"Link","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30060-9","article-title":"Social determinants of mental disorders and the Sustainable Development Goals: a systematic review of reviews","volume":"5","author":"Lund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3901_4","article-title":"Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods","volume":"39","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2016.05.008","article-title":"Stress and child development: a review of the family stress model","volume":"13","author":"Masarik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current opinion in psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/jftr.12255","article-title":"Resilience theory and research on children and families: past, present, and promise","volume":"10","author":"Masten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Family Theory & Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib35","series-title":"Handbook of Developmental Research Methods","first-page":"109","article-title":"Investigating factorial invariance in longitudinal data","author":"Millsap","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2013.784696","article-title":"A comparison of the cross-sectional and sequential designs when assessing longitudinal mediation","volume":"48","author":"Mitchell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav. Res."},{"issue":"10036","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00648-6","article-title":"Global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors for young people's health during 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"387","author":"Mokdad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib38","series-title":"Family Environment Scale Manual: Development, Applications, Research","author":"Moos","year":"1994"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2011.554530","article-title":"Perceived social support and the psychological well-being of AIDS orphans in urban Kenya","volume":"23","author":"Okawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"6522","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay0214","article-title":"Poverty, depression, and anxiety: causal evidence and mechanisms","volume":"370","author":"Ridley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.7870\/cjcmh-1983-0018","article-title":"The family assessment measure","volume":"2","author":"Skinner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Community Ment. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-015-0580-9","article-title":"Applying a family-level economic strengthening intervention to improve education and health-related outcomes of school-going AIDS-orphaned children: lessons from a randomized experiment in southern Uganda","volume":"17","author":"Ssewamala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.306044","article-title":"Impact of a family economic intervention (Bridges) on health functioning of adolescents orphaned by HIV\/AIDS: a 5-year (2012\u20132017) cluster randomized controlled trial in Uganda","volume":"111","author":"Ssewamala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib44","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Economic empowerment, HIV risk behavior, and mental health among school-going adolescent girls in Uganda: longitudinal cluster-randomized controlled trial, 2017\u20122022","author":"Ssewamala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib45","series-title":"Facts on HIV and AIDS in Uganda 2021","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919279","article-title":"Modes of social support: the social support behaviors (SS\u2010B) scale","volume":"15","author":"Vaux","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"issue":"10336","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02716-1","article-title":"Effects of early-life poverty on health and human capital in children and adolescents: analyses of national surveys and birth cohort studies in LMICs","volume":"399","author":"Victora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9556","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60076-2","article-title":"Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries","volume":"369","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib49","unstructured":"WHO. Mental health atlas 2020. Geneva2021."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028015","article-title":"The effects of poverty on the mental, emotional, and behavioral health of children and youth: implications for prevention","volume":"67","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-019-00293-1","article-title":"Resilience in children exposed to violence: a meta-analysis of protective factors across ecological contexts","volume":"22","author":"Yule","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaneva, M., Guzman-Holst, C., Reeves, A., Bowes, L., 2022. The impact of monetary poverty alleviation programs on children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis across low-, middle-, and high-income countries. J. Adolesc. Health 71 (2): 147-156.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2022.02.011"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-004661","article-title":"The impact of cash transfers on mental health in children and young people in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953623004598?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953623004598?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T15:59:37Z","timestamp":1759507177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953623004598"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0277953623004598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The impact of poverty-reduction intervention on child mental health mediated by family relations: Findings from a cluster-randomized trial in Uganda","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116102","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116102"}}