{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T07:16:44Z","timestamp":1789802204588,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T02:19:29Z","timestamp":1698891569000},"page":"116356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Loneliness and firearm acquisition among low-income U.S. veterans: Findings from the National Veteran Homeless and Other Poverty Experiences (NV-HOPE) study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"338","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8686-9115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Testa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib1","series-title":"When Can You Safely Ignore Multicollinearity?","author":"Allison","year":"2012"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.35984","article-title":"Evaluation of safe firearm storage messaging in a sample of firearm-owning US military service members","volume":"5","author":"Anestis","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113575","article-title":"The epidemiologic evidence for a relationship between social support and health","volume":"117","author":"Broadhead","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117119856551","article-title":"Loneliness in the United States: a 2018 national panel survey of demographic, structural, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics","volume":"33","author":"Bruce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691619898847","article-title":"Protective gun ownership as a coping mechanism","volume":"15","author":"Buttrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib6","first-page":"127","article-title":"Chapter three - loneliness in the modern age: an evolutionary theory of loneliness (ETL)","volume":"vol. 58","author":"Cacioppo","year":"2018"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.06.005","article-title":"Perceived social isolation and cognition","volume":"13","author":"Cacioppo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Cognit. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib8","series-title":"The Loneliness Epidemic Persists: A Post-Pandemic Look at the State of Loneliness Among U.S. Adults","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-017-0130-y","article-title":"Firearm ownership among American veterans: findings from the 2015 national firearm survey","volume":"4","author":"Cleveland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Injury Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib10","series-title":"FIRTHLOGIT: Stata Module to Calculate Bias Reduction in Logistic Regression [Computer Software]","author":"Coveney","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06412-x","article-title":"Strategies for discussing firearms storage safety in primary care: veteran perspectives","volume":"36","author":"Dobscha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000178","article-title":"Using peer support groups to enhance community integration of veterans in transition","volume":"15","author":"Drebing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Serv."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/80.1.27","article-title":"Bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates","volume":"80","author":"Firth","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.06.013","article-title":"Firearm ownership among a nationally representative sample of U.S. Veterans","author":"Fischer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-010-9210-8","article-title":"Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms","volume":"40","author":"Hawkley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1047","article-title":"A solution to the problem of separation in logistic regression","volume":"21","author":"Heinze","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1111\/ssqu.12860","article-title":"Gun ownership and life satisfaction in the United States","volume":"101","author":"Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2022.104101","article-title":"Exploring the effect of loneliness on fear: implications for the effect of COVID-19-induced social disconnection on anxiety","volume":"153","author":"Hornstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027504268574","article-title":"A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys","volume":"26","author":"Hughes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res. Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/0038-4941.00008","article-title":"Lack of confidence in the federal government and the ownership of firearms","volume":"82","author":"Jiobu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib20","series-title":"Estimating global civilian-held firearms numbers","author":"Karp","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.20230043","article-title":"Using financial incentives to increase safe storage of firearms and medications among veterans at risk for suicide","volume":"74","author":"Khazanov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2011.03.002","article-title":"The effect of perceived risk and victimization on plans to purchase a gun for self-protection","volume":"39","author":"Kleck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Crim. Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib23","series-title":"National Poll on Healthy Aging: Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018-2023","author":"Kullgren","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib24","article-title":"Bulletin: Americans bought 18.9M guns in 2021, the second most on record","author":"Kutsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trace"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2017.07.035","article-title":"An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness","volume":"152","author":"Leigh-Hunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Publ. Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib26","first-page":"426","article-title":"Veterans, firearms, and suicide: safe storage prevention policy and the PREVENTS roadmap","volume":"37","author":"Lemle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fed. Pract."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16010069","article-title":"Prevention of firearm suicide in the United States: what works and what is possible","volume":"173","author":"Mann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-3423","article-title":"Firearm purchasing during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from the 2021 national firearms survey","volume":"175","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib29","first-page":"WE01","article-title":"Relationship between loneliness, psychiatric disorders and physical health ? A review on the psychological aspects of loneliness","volume":"8","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res. : J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.05.042","article-title":"Loneliness in U.S. military veterans during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationally representative, prospective cohort study","volume":"151","author":"Na","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib47","series-title":"Trained to kill: Soldiers at war","author":"Nadelson","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib31","series-title":"Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: the U.S. Surgeon General's Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib32","series-title":"America's Complex Relationship with Guns","author":"Parker","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913920967040","article-title":"Understanding loneliness: a systematic review of the impact of social prescribing initiatives on loneliness","volume":"141","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspect. Pub. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046506","article-title":"Anxiety, fear, and social isolation","volume":"62","author":"Sarnoff","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-021-00339-5","article-title":"Firearm purchasing and firearm violence during the coronavirus pandemic in the United States: a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Schleimer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Injury Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib36","article-title":"Identity, experience, and threat: assessing key correlates of firearm ownership and related behaviors in a representative sample of five US States","volume":"34","author":"Semenza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prevent. Med. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229087","article-title":"Risk factors for loneliness: the high relative importance of age versus other factors","volume":"15","author":"Shovestul","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045159","article-title":"Social safety theory: a biologically based evolutionary perspective on life stress, health, and behavior","volume":"16","author":"Slavich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001132","article-title":"Association between technology use and social integration among veterans with disabilities","volume":"208","author":"Stacy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.07.006","article-title":"Behavioral epidemic of loneliness in older U.S. Military veterans: results from the 2019-2020 national health and resilience in veterans study","volume":"30","author":"Straus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167217703952","article-title":"Is it a dangerous world out there? The motivational bases of American gun ownership","volume":"43","author":"Stroebe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2012.75.2.135","article-title":"The role of coping, resilience, and social support in mediating the relation between PTSD and social functioning in veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan","volume":"75","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Interpers. Biol. Process."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1080\/08995605.2022.2086415","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics associated with firearm ownership among low-income U.S. veterans","volume":"35","author":"Tsai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib44","series-title":"2022 National Veteran Suicide Prevention Annual Report","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/soin.12408","article-title":"What guns mean: who sees guns as important, essential, and empowering (and why)?","volume":"91","author":"Warner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Socio. Inq."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqy160","article-title":"Loneliness and social isolation of military veterans: systematic narrative review","volume":"68","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occup. Med."}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027795362300713X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027795362300713X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:11:06Z","timestamp":1720051866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S027795362300713X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S027795362300713X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Loneliness and firearm acquisition among low-income U.S. veterans: Findings from the National Veteran Homeless and Other Poverty Experiences (NV-HOPE) study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116356","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116356"}}