{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:53:15Z","timestamp":1787500395497,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["221266\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221266\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]],"date-time":"2024-10-19T16:16:11Z","timestamp":1729354571000},"page":"117436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Closing the life expectancy gap: An ecological study of the factors associated with smaller regional health inequalities in post-reunification Germany"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"362","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8540-5717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julija","family":"Simpson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Albani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Kingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Bambra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postcomstud.2003.09.002","article-title":"From universal system of social policy to particularistic? The case of the Baltic States","volume":"36","author":"Aidukaite","year":"2003","journal-title":"Commun. Post Commun. Stud."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e641","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00110-9","article-title":"Local government funding and life expectancy in England: a longitudinal ecological study","volume":"6","author":"Alexiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib68","series-title":"Fixed Effects Regression Models.","author":"Allison","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib3","series-title":"Health Divides: where You Live Can Kill You","author":"Bambra","year":"2016"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948211022428","article-title":"Levelling up: global examples of reducing health inequalities","volume":"50","author":"Bambra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dah608","article-title":"Towards a politics of health","volume":"20","author":"Bambra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.04.036","article-title":"Scaling up: the politics of health and place","volume":"232","author":"Bambra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib7","series-title":"Health for Wealth: Building a Healthier Northern Powerhouse for uk Productivity","author":"Bambra","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib8","series-title":"Health Inequality: an Introduction to Concepts, Theories and Methods","author":"Bartley","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.34.2.143","article-title":"The separation and reunification of Germany: rethinking a natural experiment interpretation of the enduring effects of communism","volume":"34","author":"Becker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Econ. Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.10.017","article-title":"Shorter lives in stingier states: social policy shortcomings help explain the US mortality disadvantage","volume":"171","author":"Beckfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1057\/sth.2015.19","article-title":"An institutional theory of welfare state effects on the distribution of population health","volume":"13","author":"Beckfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Theor. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr130","article-title":"Inequalities in male mortality by occupational class, perceived status and education in Russia, 1994-2006","volume":"22","author":"Bessudnov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1353\/eca.2001.0016","article-title":"From reunification to economic integration: productivity and the labor market in Eastern Germany","volume":"2001","author":"Burda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brookings Pap. Econ. Activ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1177\/0022009413493946","article-title":"Reconsidering the role of the welfare state within the German Democratic Republic's political system","volume":"48","author":"Burdumy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Hist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib15","series-title":"What Can German Reunification Teach the UK about Levelling up?","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2307\/2955420","article-title":"The social determinants of the decline of life expectancy in Russia and Eastern Europe: a lifestyle explanation","author":"Cockerham","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib19","series-title":"Lessons From the German Approach to Closing Regional Economic Divides: Resolution Foundation","article-title":"German reunification","author":"Enenkel","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib20","series-title":"Report on Health Inequalities in the European Union","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.2307\/3558991","article-title":"Investigating the patterns and determinants of life satisfaction in Germany following reunification","volume":"39","author":"Frijters","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hum. Resour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib25","series-title":"The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker","author":"Fulbrook","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2000.3.1","article-title":"Old-age mortality in Germany prior to and after reunification","volume":"3","author":"Gjon\u00e7a","year":"2000","journal-title":"Demogr. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib27","first-page":"345","article-title":"The German socio-economic panel (SOEP)","volume":"239","author":"Goebel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jahrb. Natl. Stat."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10680-017-9455-z","article-title":"Health convergence between East and West Germany as reflected in long-term cause-specific mortality trends: to what extent was it due to reunification?","volume":"33","author":"Grigoriev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Popul."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028001","article-title":"Socioeconomic differences in mortality among 27 million economically active Germans: a cross-sectional analysis of the German Pension Fund data","volume":"9","author":"Grigoriev","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/05775132.1994.11471768","article-title":"East Germany's transitional economy","volume":"37","author":"Hall","year":"1994","journal-title":"Challenge"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0317-5","article-title":"Assessing the impact of natural policy experiments on socioeconomic inequalities in health: how to apply commonly used quantitative analytical methods?","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/psp.2411","article-title":"Editorial introduction: social and spatial inequalities in health and mortality: the analysis of longitudinal register data from selected European countries","volume":"28","author":"Keenan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Popul. Space Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib33","series-title":"A Comparative Analysis of East and West German Labor Markets: before and after Unification","author":"Krueger","year":"1992"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib34","first-page":"2","article-title":"30 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall: regional health differences in Germany","volume":"4","author":"Lampert","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Health Monit"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2020.1817548","article-title":"Education, income and risk of cancer: results from a Norwegian registry-based study","volume":"59","author":"Larsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"issue":"9650","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61686-4","article-title":"The role of welfare state principles and generosity in social policy programmes for public health: an international comparative study","volume":"372","author":"Lundberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib37","first-page":"99","article-title":"Mortality differences between Western and Eastern Germany before and after Reunification A macro and micro level analysis of developments and responsible factors","volume":"60","author":"Luy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.12.022","article-title":"Political conditions and life expectancy in Europe, 1900\u20132008","volume":"82","author":"Mackenbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib39","series-title":"Health Equity in England: the Marmot Review 10 Years on","author":"Marmot","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib40","series-title":"Social Determinants of Health","author":"Marmot","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib67","series-title":"Low Regional Inequalities in Life Expectancy by International Standards","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/10.4.262","article-title":"Comparison of health inequalities between East and West Germany","volume":"10","author":"Mielck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27474-x","article-title":"Family income and cardiovascular disease risk in American adults","volume":"13","author":"Minhas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2016.07.004","article-title":"Explaining inequalities in women's mortality between US States","volume":"2","author":"Montez","year":"2016","journal-title":"SSM-population health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-207589","article-title":"Explaining socioeconomic inequalities in self-rated health: a systematic review of the relative contribution of material, psychosocial and behavioural factors","volume":"71","author":"Moor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib45","first-page":"3","article-title":"\u00dcbersterblichkeit in Deutschland 2020: Regionale Unterschiede nach Alter, Geschlecht, Monat und Todesursachen","volume":"44","author":"M\u00fchlichen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bev\u00f6lkerungsforschung Aktuell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt008","article-title":"Reversing East-West mortality difference among German women, and the role of smoking","volume":"42","author":"Myrskyl\u00e4","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7895-6","article-title":"Going upstream \u2013 an umbrella review of the macroeconomic determinants of health and health inequalities","volume":"19","author":"Naik","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Publ. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.2190\/B2TP-3R5M-Q7UP-DUA2","article-title":"Has socialism failed? An analysis of health indicators under socialism","volume":"22","author":"Navarro","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Serv."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00320-3","article-title":"The contribution of medical care to changing life expectancy in Germany and Poland","volume":"55","author":"Nolte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Have life expectancies in eastern and western Germany converged since reunification?","volume":"544","author":"Pechholdov\u00e1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Population Societies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib51","series-title":"25 Years after the Fall of the Berlin Wall: Regional Differences in Health","author":"Pr\u00fctz","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib52","series-title":"The Development of Public Health and Healthcare Provision after the Fall of the Berlin Wall","article-title":"The East German phenomenon","author":"Rehnberg","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12846","article-title":"Cross-country evidence on the social determinants of the post-socialist mortality crisis in Europe: a review and performance-based hierarchy of variables","volume":"41","author":"Scheiring","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib54","series-title":"Das DDR-Bild von Sch\u00fclern-Ein Ost-West-Vergleich","article-title":"Soziales paradies oder stasi-staat","author":"Schroeder","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113717","article-title":"Effects of social security policy reforms on mental health and inequalities: a systematic review of observational studies in high-income countries","volume":"272","author":"Simpson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp262","article-title":"Material, psychosocial, behavioural and biomedical factors in the explanation of relative socio-economic inequalities in mortality: evidence from the HUNT study","volume":"38","author":"Skalick\u00e1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib57","series-title":"Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), Data for Years 1984-2021, SOEP-Core v38.1, EU Edition - Update","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3311","article-title":"Budget crises, health, and social welfare programmes","volume":"340","author":"Stuckler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"9661","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60005-2","article-title":"Mass privatisation and the post-communist mortality crisis: a cross-national analysis","volume":"373","author":"Stuckler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.3.313","article-title":"Addressing the epidemiologic transition in the former Soviet Union: strategies for health system and public health reform in Russia","volume":"86","author":"Tulchinsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib62","series-title":"Born in the GDR: Living in the Shadow of the Wall","author":"Vaizey","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz265","article-title":"Declining regional disparities in mortality in the context of persisting large inequalities in economic conditions: the case of Germany","volume":"49","author":"van Raalte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeoa.2014.09.001","article-title":"Can public spending reduce mortality disparities? Findings from East Germany after reunification","volume":"5","author":"Vogt","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of the Economics of Ageing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-015-0060-2","article-title":"The importance of regional availability of health care for old age survival - findings from German reunification","volume":"13","author":"Vogt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Popul. Health Metrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436_bib66","series-title":"The Spirit Level: Why Equality Is Better for Everyone","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953624008906?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953624008906?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]],"date-time":"2025-01-26T00:07:57Z","timestamp":1737850077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953624008906"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["S0277953624008906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Closing the life expectancy gap: An ecological study of the factors associated with smaller regional health inequalities in post-reunification Germany","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117436","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"117436"}}