{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T11:47:19Z","timestamp":1793533639502,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":329,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01HL165038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01HL165038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD092446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD092446"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T05:13:33Z","timestamp":1742620413000},"page":"118013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A multidimensional tool for quantifying structural racism: Application to adverse pregnancy outcomes in Chicago, Illinois"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"372","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9745-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexa A.","family":"Freedman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren S.","family":"Keenan-Devlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britney P.","family":"Smart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee M.","family":"Odom-Konja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanti U.","family":"Gallivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy H.","family":"Crockett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda M.","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Borders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory E.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab239","article-title":"Measuring structural racism: a guide for epidemiologists and other health researchers","volume":"191","author":"Adkins-Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17570","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in the United States, 2013 to 2018","volume":"78","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-022-01796-0","article-title":"Study designs, measures and indexes used in studying the structural racism as a social determinant of health in high income countries from 2000-2022: evidence from a scoping review","volume":"22","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Equity Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.1999.00174.x","article-title":"Racial differences in birthweight for gestational age and infant mortality in extremely-low-risk US populations","volume":"13","author":"Alexander","year":"1999","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib5","author":"Allison","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","article-title":"Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions","volume":"389","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2025396","article-title":"How structural racism works - racist policies as a root cause of U.S. Racial health inequities","volume":"384","author":"Bailey","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302008","article-title":"The role of socioeconomic factors in Black-White disparities in preterm birth","volume":"105","author":"Braveman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465231222924","article-title":"Structural racism and health stratification: connecting theory to measurement","volume":"65","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-020-03074-3","article-title":"Black women's perspectives on structural racism across the reproductive lifespan: a conceptual framework for measurement development","volume":"25","author":"Chambers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1891\/VV-D-20-00047","article-title":"Community effects of police-related deaths: associations with low birthweight births and poverty among US counties","volume":"36","author":"Chandran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Violence Vict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31053","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922025117","article-title":"Race and ethnic variation in college students' allostatic regulation of racism-related stress","volume":"117","author":"Cheadle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105187","article-title":"An overview of adult health outcomes after preterm birth","volume":"150","author":"Crump","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac112","article-title":"What structural racism is (or is not) and how to measure it: clarity for public health and medical researchers","volume":"191","author":"Dean","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib15","series-title":"City Health Dashboard","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2690-z","article-title":"Mass incarceration and public health: the association between black jail incarceration and adverse birth outcomes among black women in Louisiana","volume":"19","author":"Dyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2023.00659","article-title":"Measuring the enduring imprint of structural racism on American neighborhoods","volume":"42","author":"Dyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-59","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis to revise the Fenton growth chart for preterm infants","volume":"13","author":"Fenton","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abl5417","article-title":"Complaints about excessive use of police force in women's neighborhoods and subsequent perinatal and cardiovascular health","volume":"8","author":"Freedman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12753","article-title":"Occurrence of fatal police violence during pregnancy and hazard of preterm birth in California","volume":"35","author":"Goin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283901","article-title":"Maternal educational level and preterm birth: exploring inequalities in a hospital-based cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Granes","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.30290","article-title":"Association of residence in high-police contact neighborhoods with preterm birth among black and white individuals in minneapolis","volume":"4","author":"Hardeman","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01489","article-title":"Improving the measurement of structural racism to achieve antiracist health policy","volume":"41","author":"Hardeman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxae002","article-title":"Instruments for racial health equity: a scoping review of structural racism measurement, 2019-2021","volume":"46","author":"Hing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.6173","article-title":"Neighborhood incarceration rates and adverse birth outcomes in New York city, 2010-2014","volume":"6","author":"Holaday","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab261","article-title":"Invited commentary: comparing approaches to measuring structural racism","volume":"191","author":"Jahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.307079","article-title":"Neighborhood proactive policing and racial inequities in preterm birth in New Orleans, 2018\u20122019","volume":"113","author":"Jahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/children9020257","article-title":"A review of racial disparities in infant mortality in the US","volume":"9","author":"Jang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302955","article-title":"Public health monitoring of privilege and deprivation with the index of concentration at the extremes","volume":"106","author":"Krieger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac223","article-title":"Birth weight, gestational age, and risk of cardiovascular disease in early adulthood: influence of familial factors","volume":"192","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib29","series-title":"Births in the United States, 2021","first-page":"1","author":"Martin","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk020","article-title":"Marginal modeling of nonnested multilevel data using standard software","volume":"165","author":"Miglioretti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib31","series-title":"Most Recent National Asthma Data","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deaths: final data for 2015","volume":"66","author":"Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl. Vital Stat. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib33","first-page":"172","volume":"vol. 29","author":"Poulsen","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8255","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1808307116","article-title":"Racial disparities in school-based disciplinary actions are associated with county-level rates of racial bias","volume":"116","author":"Riddle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.2337\/cd15-0048","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in prevalence and care of patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3285","article-title":"United States birth weight reference corrected for implausible gestational age estimates","volume":"133","author":"Talge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib37","series-title":"A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138594","article-title":"Long-term survival of individuals born small and large for gestational age","volume":"10","author":"Wennerstrom","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1069476","article-title":"Structural racism theory, measurement, and methods: a scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Wien","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146512455804","article-title":"Miles to go before we sleep: racial inequities in health","volume":"53","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007809","article-title":"Preterm delivery and future risk of maternal cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953625003430?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953625003430?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T04:24:43Z","timestamp":1777868683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953625003430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0277953625003430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A multidimensional tool for quantifying structural racism: Application to adverse pregnancy outcomes in Chicago, Illinois","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118013"}}