{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T06:18:16Z","timestamp":1778566696593,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014937","name":"Beijing Municipal Office of Philosophy and Social Science Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24DTR065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24DTR065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014937","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013139","name":"Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23YJCZH104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YJCZH104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72371237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72371237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]],"date-time":"2025-05-10T19:25:11Z","timestamp":1746905111000},"page":"118179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effects of childhood environments on the discernment of health misinformation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"380","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1730-6589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si-Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming-Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6885-7727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Chu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4542-9981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Lin","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.5243\/jsswr.2013.24","article-title":"The synthesis of partial effect sizes","volume":"4","author":"Aloe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Soc. Soc. Work. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820969893","article-title":"Why do so few people share fake news? It hurts their reputation","volume":"24","author":"Altay","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Media Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2018.07.014","article-title":"An uncertainty management perspective on long-run impacts of adversity: the influence of childhood socioeconomic status on risk, time, and social preferences","volume":"79","author":"Amir","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01641-6","article-title":"Understanding and combatting misinformation across 16 countries on six continents","volume":"7","author":"Arechar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.12.005","article-title":"Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items","volume":"59","author":"Baayen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001","article-title":"Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: keep it maximal","volume":"68","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"issue":"6998","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02725","article-title":"Developmental plasticity and human health","volume":"430","author":"Bateson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024454","article-title":"Beyond cumulative risk: distinguishing harshness and unpredictability as determinants of parenting and early life history strategy","volume":"48","author":"Belsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1509\/jmr.10.0353","article-title":"What makes online content viral?","volume":"49","author":"Berger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and child development","volume":"53","author":"Bradley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620917336","article-title":"The MAD model of moral contagion: the role of motivation, attention, and design in the spread of moralized content online","volume":"15","author":"Brady","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.110666","article-title":"Personality factors and self-reported political news consumption predict susceptibility to political fake news","volume":"174","author":"Calvillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pers. Indiv. Differ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000655","article-title":"Environmental harshness and unpredictability, life history, and social and academic behavior of adolescents in nine countries","volume":"55","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib14","author":"Christensen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106073","article-title":"What's the matter with ACEs? Recommendations for considering early adversity in educational contexts","volume":"142","author":"Compton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Abuse Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304216","article-title":"Public health education: teaching epidemiology in high school classrooms","volume":"108","author":"D'Agostino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib17","first-page":"1","article-title":"A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy","volume":"10","author":"Davis","year":"1980","journal-title":"Catalog Sel. Documents Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11211-005-7366-3","article-title":"Am I respected or not? Inclusion and reputation as issues in group membership","volume":"18","author":"de Cremer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc. Justice Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102533","article-title":"Knowledge and vaccination intention of monkeypox in China's general population: a cross-sectional online survey","volume":"52","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trav. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1080\/14708477.2022.2063304","article-title":"Intercultural communicative competence in the digital age: critical digital literacy and inquiry-based pedagogy","volume":"22","author":"Dooly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lang. Intercult. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415001169","article-title":"Early unpredictability predicts increased adolescent externalizing behaviors and substance use: a life history perspective","volume":"28","author":"Doom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617693054","article-title":"Beyond risk and protective factors: an adaptation-based approach to resilience","volume":"12","author":"Ellis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-009-9063-7","article-title":"Fundamental dimensions of environmental risk: the impact of harsh versus unpredictable environments on the evolution and development of life history strategies","volume":"20","author":"Ellis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011732","article-title":"Developmental adaptation to stress: an evolutionary perspective","volume":"70","author":"Ellis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo6169","article-title":"The social media context interferes with truth discernment","volume":"9","author":"Epstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2020.02.005","article-title":"Is impulsive behavior adaptive in harsh and unpredictable environments? A formal model","volume":"41","author":"Fenneman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evol. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721413484324","article-title":"Does early-life exposure to stress shape or impair cognition?","volume":"22","author":"Frankenhuis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721419881154","article-title":"The strengths of people in poverty","volume":"29","author":"Frankenhuis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.03.007","article-title":"The hidden talents approach: theoretical and methodological challenges","volume":"24","author":"Frankenhuis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cognit. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.08.011","article-title":"Cognition in harsh and unpredictable environments","volume":"7","author":"Frankenhuis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1257\/089533005775196732","article-title":"Cognitive reflection and decision making","volume":"19","author":"Frederick","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Econ. Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib32","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Science","first-page":"179","article-title":"Social clicks: what and who gets read on Twitter?","author":"Gabielkov","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620984483","article-title":"Small effects: the indispensable foundation for a cumulative psychological science","volume":"17","author":"G\u00f6tz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021082","article-title":"Environmental contingency in life history strategies: the influence of mortality and socioeconomic status on reproductive timing","volume":"100","author":"Griskevicius","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-018-0604-7","article-title":"The effects of scarcity on consumer decision journeys","volume":"47","author":"Hamilton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acad. Market. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2013.12.005","article-title":"The effect of ecological harshness on perceptions of the ideal female body size: an experimental life history approach","volume":"35","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evol. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120201","article-title":"Misinformation sharing and social media fatigue during COVID-19: an affordance and cognitive load perspective","volume":"159","author":"Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.180454","article-title":"The ecological roots of human susceptibility to social influence: a pre-registered study investigating the impact of early-life adversity","volume":"6","author":"Jacquet","year":"2019","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2010.09.006","article-title":"Perceived environmental risk as a predictor of teenage motherhood in a British population","volume":"17","author":"Johns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028347","article-title":"Treating stimuli as a random factor in social psychology: a new and comprehensive solution to a pervasive but largely ignored problem","volume":"103","author":"Judd","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa8203_05","article-title":"Curiosity and exploration: facilitating positive subjective experiences and personal growth opportunities","volume":"82","author":"Kashdan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2020.1770632","article-title":"What drives unverified information sharing and cyberchondria during the COVID-19 pandemic?","volume":"29","author":"Laato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107295","article-title":"Emotion, analytic thinking and susceptibility to misinformation during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib44","volume":"119","author":"Lloyd","year":"2022"},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8517","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620482114","article-title":"Implications of life-history strategies for obesity","volume":"114","author":"Maner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000368","article-title":"The behavioral ecology of moral dilemmas: childhood unpredictability, but not harshness, predicts less deontological and utilitarian responding","volume":"120","author":"Maranges","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib47","article-title":"Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news","volume":"vol. 5","author":"Martel","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579421001607","article-title":"Perceptions of childhood unpredictability, delay discounting, risk-taking, and adult externalizing behaviors: a life-history approach","volume":"34","author":"Martinez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721416655883","article-title":"Beyond cumulative risk: a dimensional approach to childhood adversity","volume":"25","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691621992346","article-title":"The value of dimensional models of early experience: thinking clearly about concepts and categories","volume":"16","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037398","article-title":"Sense of control under uncertainty depends on people's childhood environment: a life history theory approach","volume":"107","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000028","article-title":"Cognitive adaptations to stressful environments: when childhood adversity enhances adult executive function","volume":"109","author":"Mittal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s41412-017-0058-z","article-title":"Heuristics are tools for uncertainty","volume":"34","author":"Mousavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Homo Oeconomicus"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib54","first-page":"1014","article-title":"Summary-statistics-based power analysis: a new and practical method to determine sample size for mixed-effects modeling","volume":"27","author":"Murayama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115398","article-title":"Why do people believe health misinformation and who is at risk? A systematic review of individual differences in susceptibility to health misinformation","volume":"314","author":"Nan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1766","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib56","article-title":"The evolution of predictive adaptive responses in human life history","volume":"280","author":"Nettle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2015.02.003","article-title":"Phases of inquiry-based learning: definitions and the inquiry cycle","volume":"14","author":"Pedaste","year":"2015","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib58","first-page":"1","article-title":"A practical guide to doing behavioral research on fake news and misinformation","volume":"7","author":"Pennycook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Collabra: Psychology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000465","article-title":"Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news","volume":"147","author":"Pennycook","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"issue":"7855","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03344-2","article-title":"Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation online","volume":"592","author":"Pennycook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620939054","article-title":"Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention","volume":"31","author":"Pennycook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.06.011","article-title":"Lazy, not biased: susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning","volume":"188","author":"Pennycook","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12476","article-title":"Who falls for fake news? The roles of bullshit receptivity, overclaiming, familiarity, and analytic thinking","volume":"88","author":"Pennycook","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2021.02.007","article-title":"The psychology of fake news","volume":"25","author":"Pennycook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Cognit. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206553","article-title":"SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models","volume":"36","author":"Preacher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Breaking harmony square: a game that \u201cinoculates\u201d against political misinformation","volume":"1","author":"Roozenbeek","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.08.026","article-title":"Decisions in poverty contexts","volume":"18","author":"Shafir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"issue":"6107","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222426","article-title":"Some consequences of having too little","volume":"338","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614563958","article-title":"Scarcity frames value","volume":"26","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000353","article-title":"Scarcity and intertemporal choice","volume":"125","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027293","article-title":"Evolution, stress, and sensitive periods: the influence of unpredictability in early versus late childhood on sex and risky behavior","volume":"48","author":"Simpson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1086\/660045","article-title":"Opportunity cost consideration","volume":"38","author":"Spiller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Consum. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.03.011","article-title":"Investigating the effect of childhood socioeconomic background on interpersonal trust: lower childhood socioeconomic status predicts lower levels of trust","volume":"145","author":"Stamos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pers. Indiv. Differ."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000032","article-title":"The effect of unpredictable early childhood environments on parenting in adulthood","volume":"109","author":"Szepsenwol","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579421001371","article-title":"The effects of childhood unpredictability and harshness on emotional control and relationship quality: a life history perspective","volume":"34","author":"Szepsenwol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500007622","article-title":"Investigating an alternate form of the cognitive reflection test","volume":"11","author":"Thomson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Judgment Decis. Making"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113897","article-title":"Social consequences and contexts of adverse childhood experiences","volume":"277","author":"Trinidad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116365","article-title":"Geospatial vaccine misinformation risk on social media: online insights from an English\/Spanish natural language processing (NLP) analysis of vaccine-related tweets","volume":"339","author":"Valdez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/sipr.12077","article-title":"Political psychology in the digital (mis)information age: a model of news belief and sharing","volume":"15","author":"Van Bavel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Issues Pol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04493-1","article-title":"Uncertainty about social interactions leads to the evolution of social heuristics","volume":"9","author":"van den Berg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-020821-110044","article-title":"Human cooperation and the crises of climate change, COVID-19, and misinformation","volume":"73","author":"van Lange","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","article-title":"Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package","volume":"36","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Stat. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.111225","article-title":"Childhood unpredictability, life history, and intuitive versus deliberate cognitive styles","volume":"184","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pers. Indiv. Differ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1509\/jmr.11.0368","article-title":"Misresponse to reversed and negated items in surveys: a review","volume":"49","author":"Weijters","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2017.03.002","article-title":"Life history strategy and human cooperation in economic games","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evol. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2020.09.001","article-title":"The relations between early-life stress and risk, time, and prosocial preferences in adulthood: a meta-analytic review","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evol. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109608","article-title":"Disadvantaged early-life experience negatively predicts prosocial behavior: the roles of honesty-humility and dispositional trust among Chinese adolescents","volume":"152","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pers. Indiv. Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117136","article-title":"Mitigating the influence of message features on health misinformation sharing intention in social media: experimental evidence for accuracy-nudge intervention","volume":"356","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02249397","article-title":"Trust and commitment in the United States and Japan","volume":"18","author":"Yamagishi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000124","article-title":"Can an unpredictable childhood environment enhance working memory? Testing the sensitized-specialization hypothesis","volume":"114","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib91","first-page":"155","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the interpersonal reactivity index-C","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib92","article-title":"Does dispositional awe promote customer citizenship behaviours? The multiple mediating effects of construal level and social connectedness","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-018-9313-7","article-title":"Living slow and being moral","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Nat."}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027795362500509X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027795362500509X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T05:46:34Z","timestamp":1778564794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S027795362500509X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["S027795362500509X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of childhood environments on the discernment of health misinformation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118179","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118179"}}