{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:05:29Z","timestamp":1791425129716,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011631","name":"University of Michigan School of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011631","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T17:14:57Z","timestamp":1751562897000},"page":"118371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Firearm incidents and cardiovascular disease mortality: A census-tract level study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"382","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8472-2091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenchu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4066-5026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5205-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Heinze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-014-0097-8","article-title":"Exposure to violence predicting cortisol response during adolescence and early adulthood: understanding moderating factors","volume":"43","author":"Aiyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"issue":"21\u201322","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11545","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231185300","article-title":"Youth exposure to Gun, knife, and physical assaults: assessing PTSD symptoms across types of assaults, race, ethnicity, sex, and context","volume":"38","author":"Allwood","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Interpers Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib3","article-title":"Deaths from cardiovascular disease increased among younger U.S adults in rural areas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib51","series-title":"Advances in the Conceptualization of the Stress Process: Essays in Honor of Leonard I. Pearlin","first-page":"35","article-title":"Neighborhood as a Social Context of the Stress Process","author":"Aneshensel","year":"2010"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303434","article-title":"Urban Blight Remediation as a Cost-Beneficial Solution to Firearm Violence","volume":"106","author":"Branas","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718503115","article-title":"Citywide cluster randomized trial to restore blighted vacant land and its effects on violence, crime, and fear","volume":"115","author":"Branas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.03.027","article-title":"Neighborhood stressors and cardiovascular health: crime and C-reactive protein in Dallas, USA","volume":"75","author":"Browning","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.84","article-title":"Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease","volume":"2","author":"Carapetis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib47","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention., 2025. FastStats: Leading causes of death. Retrieved May 6, 2025, from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/fastats\/leading-causes-of-death.htm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooksey-Stowers, K., Schwartz, M. B., & Brownell, K. D., 2017. Food Swamps Predict Obesity Rates Better Than Food Deserts in the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(11), Article 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14111366.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14111366"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2021.103410","article-title":"Local access to mental healthcare and crime","volume":"129","author":"Deza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.05.016","article-title":"The role of psychosocial stress on cardiovascular disease in women: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"84","author":"Ebong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2013.12.004","article-title":"Effects of exposure to violence with a weapon during adolescence on adult hypertension","volume":"24","author":"Ford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-012-9782-7","article-title":"More Than Just An Eyesore: Local Insights And Solutions on Vacant Land And Urban Health","volume":"90","author":"Garvin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.060749","article-title":"\u201cWeathering\u201d and age patterns of allostatic load scores among blacks and whites in the United States","volume":"96","author":"Geronimus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2024.103372","article-title":"Gender and violent crime modify associations between greenspace and cardiovascular disease mortality in Philadelphia, PA","volume":"90","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2019-043248","article-title":"Alcohol outlets and firearm violence: A place-based case\u2013control study using satellite imagery and machine learning","volume":"26","author":"Jay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Injury Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.06.039","article-title":"Like parent, like child: intergenerational patterns of cardiovascular risk factors at midlife","volume":"68","author":"Jensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health: Offic. Publ. Soc. Adolesc. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0365","article-title":"Firearm involvement in violent victimization and mental health: an observational study","volume":"169","author":"Kagawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.12.002","article-title":"Distress level and daily functioning problems attributed to firearm victimization: sociodemographic-specific responses","volume":"41","author":"Kagawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022891005388","article-title":"Mental health needs of crime victims: epidemiology and outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.4.692","article-title":"Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse\/dependence, and comorbidity: results from the national survey of adolescents","volume":"71","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib21","series-title":"Socio-Emotional Impact of Violent Crime","author":"Langton","year":"2014"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X241261726","article-title":"Examining the relationship between firearm violence exposure and posttraumatic symptomatology in adolescents: a scoping review","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Youth Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib24","article-title":"Invisible wounds: community exposure to gun homicides and adolescents' mental health and behavioral outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Leibbrand","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSM - Popul. Health"},{"issue":"7b","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2008.02347.x","article-title":"Allostasis and allostatic load: expanding the discourse on stress and cardiovascular disease","volume":"17","author":"Logan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib26","first-page":"289","article-title":"Are women more susceptible to ischemic heart disease compared to men? A literature overview","volume":"18","author":"Majidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Cardiol.: JGC"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2023-221438","article-title":"Assessment of census-tract level socioeconomic position as a modifier of the relationship between short-term PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular emergency department visits in Missouri","volume":"78","author":"McCann","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health"},{"issue":"2017","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-060116-053252","article-title":"Social Structure, Adversity, Toxic Stress, and Intergenerational Poverty: An Early Childhood Model","volume":"43","author":"McEwen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib28","series-title":"Michigan Mortality Statistics","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib29","series-title":"Michigan Incident Crime Reporting","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.1987.tb00165.x","article-title":"A comparison of the rural-urban mortality differential for deaths from all causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer","volume":"3","author":"Miller","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Rural Health"},{"issue":"17\u201318","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8835","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519853393","article-title":"Understanding the impact of seeing Gun violence and hearing gunshots in public places: findings from the youth firearm risk and safety study","volume":"36","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324796abm3002_8","article-title":"Exposure to violence and cardiovascular and neuroendocrine measures in adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Murali","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib10","series-title":"Provisional underlying cause of death 2023 on CDC WONDER online database, released 2024","author":"National Center for Health Statistics Centers for Disease Control and","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib34","series-title":"Detroit Gun Violence Assessment: Assessment of Fatal and Non-fatal Shootings in Detroit","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib35","series-title":"Healthy people 2030 objectives and data","author":"Office of Disease Prevention","year":"2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319811","article-title":"Social determinants of cardiovascular disease","volume":"130","author":"Powell-Wiley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318294f518","article-title":"Hospital-based violence intervention programs save lives and money","volume":"75","author":"Purtle","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000027","article-title":"Stress, behavior, and biology: risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in youth","volume":"42","author":"Roemmich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib39","article-title":"Psychological stress as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Satyjeet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116929","article-title":"Local gun violence, mental health, and sleep: a neighborhood analysis in one hundred US cities","volume":"351","author":"Semenza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1525\/maq.2003.17.4.423","article-title":"Syndemics and public health: Reconceptualizing disease in bio-social context","volume":"17","author":"Singer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medical Anthropology Quarterly"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1177\/0003134820942194","article-title":"Food Insecurity Predicts Urban Gun Violence","volume":"86","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"The American SurgeonTM"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.4081\/jphr.2019.1643","article-title":"Neighborhood crime is differentially associated with cardiovascular risk factors as a function of race and sex","volume":"8","author":"Sprung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Publ. Health Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.09.013","article-title":"Violence and cardiovascular health: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Suglia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.08.051","article-title":"Neighborhood violent crime and unemployment increase the risk of coronary heart disease: a multilevel study in an urban setting","volume":"62","author":"Sundquist","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib58","series-title":"Handbook of Gun Violence","first-page":"241","article-title":"Place-based approaches to firearm violence prevention","author":"Theall","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2321","article-title":"Association Between Neighborhood Violence and Biological Stress in Children","volume":"171","author":"Theall","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib57","unstructured":"ver Ploeg, M., Breneman, V., Farrigan, T., Hamrick, K., Hopkins, D., Kaufman, P., Lin, B.-H., Nord, M., Smith, T. A., Williams, R., Kinnison, K., Olander, C., Singh, A., & Tuckermanty, E., 2009. Access to Affordable and Nutritious Food: Measuring and Understanding Food Deserts and Their Consequences: Report to Congress (Administrative Publication Number 036). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22004\/ag.econ.292130."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.18.1837","article-title":"Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories","volume":"97","author":"Wilson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib45","first-page":"364","article-title":"Systematic review: exposure to community violence and physical health outcomes in youth","volume":"42","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519826820","article-title":"Chronic stress: a critical risk factor for atherosclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953625007026?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953625007026?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:50:52Z","timestamp":1777337452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953625007026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0277953625007026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Firearm incidents and cardiovascular disease mortality: A census-tract level study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118371","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118371"}}