{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T17:15:38Z","timestamp":1784394938005,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000048","name":"American Cancer Society Inc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSG-24-1316959-01-ESED"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSG-24-1316959-01-ESED"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T06:15:52Z","timestamp":1755238552000},"page":"118485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Beyond smoking: A geospatial investigation of factors associated with lung and bronchus cancer risk in Pennsylvania"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"384","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5936-2493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tesla D.","family":"DuBois","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1603-7583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Wiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin A.","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2066-9620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon M.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib1","series-title":"Cancer Facts & Figures 2025","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09652-8","article-title":"Identification of spatio-temporal clusters of lung cancer cases in Pennsylvania, USA: 2010\u20132017","volume":"22","author":"Cami\u00f1a","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.12185","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer: a meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202107-1770OC","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer incidence: the California multiethnic cohort study","volume":"206","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2020.102895","article-title":"Lung cancer in never smokers: the role of different risk factors other than tobacco smoking","volume":"148","author":"Corrales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cku145","article-title":"Ambient particulate matter and lung cancer incidence and mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"25","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.984349","article-title":"Lung cancer in never smokers: tumor immunology and challenges for immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"de Alencar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"2, Suppl. ment","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib10","first-page":"S46","article-title":"Disparities in lung cancer","volume":"115","author":"Duma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Natl. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-1555","article-title":"The association between polluted neighborhoods and TP53-Mutated non\u2013small cell lung cancer","volume":"30","author":"Erhunmwunsee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib12","first-page":"8","article-title":"Taking stock of tobacco control program and policy science and impact in the United States","volume":"1","author":"Farrelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Addict Behav Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1916623","article-title":"The effect of advances in lung-cancer treatment on population mortality","volume":"383","author":"Howlader","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pky009","article-title":"Cancer incidence and multilevel measures of residential economic and racial segregation for cancer registries","volume":"2","author":"Krieger","year":"2018","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib15","series-title":"A Spatial Scan Statistic. Commun Stat-Theory Methods","author":"Kulldorff","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib16","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","first-page":"6597","article-title":"Geospatial analysis of socioeconomic equity and environmental factors influencing lung cancer prevalence in US","author":"Mavuri","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22030455","article-title":"A geospatial analysis of the lung cancer burden in Philadelphia, using Pennsylvania cancer registry data from 2008\u20132017","volume":"22","author":"McIntire","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2022.10.009","article-title":"Lung cancer in never smokers: distinct population-based patterns by age, sex, and race\/ethnicity","volume":"174","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lung Cancer Amst Neth"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1200\/GO.23.00427","article-title":"Assessing the global impact of ambient air pollution on cancer incidence and mortality: a comprehensive meta-analysis","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCO Glob. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-8-275","article-title":"Standardisation of rates using logistic regression: a comparison with the direct method","volume":"8","author":"Roalfe","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5626","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-0376","article-title":"Lung cancer in never smokers: clinical epidemiology and environmental risk factors","volume":"15","author":"Samet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd11.130264","article-title":"Applying spatial analysis tools in public health: an example using SaTScan to detect geographic targets for colorectal cancer screening interventions","volume":"11","author":"Sherman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib25","first-page":"459","article-title":"Socioeconomic differences in lung cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Sidorchuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib26","series-title":"EJSCREEN: Environmental Justice Screening and Mapping Tool","year":"2014"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34330","article-title":"Race, place, and socioeconomic status: a path toward lung cancer early detection","volume":"128","author":"Warner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-11281-8","article-title":"Defining aggressive prostate cancer: a geospatial perspective","volume":"23","author":"Wiese","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22591-w","article-title":"Determining the effects of social-environmental factors on the incidence and mortality of lung cancer in China based on remote sensing and GIS technology during 2007-2016","volume":"25","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140313","article-title":"Burden of lung cancer attributable to ambient fine particles and potential benefits from air quality improvements in Beijing, China: a population-based study","volume":"738","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112023","article-title":"Global burden of lung cancer attributable to ambient fine particulate matter pollution in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019","volume":"204","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9498","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249498","article-title":"Geographic differences in lung cancer incidence: a study of a major metropolitan area within Southeastern Pennsylvania","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953625008160?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953625008160?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T04:28:36Z","timestamp":1780115316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953625008160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["S0277953625008160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Beyond smoking: A geospatial investigation of factors associated with lung and bronchus cancer risk in Pennsylvania","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118485","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118485"}}