{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:49:27Z","timestamp":1789602567539,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":334,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA028009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA028009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["218462\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["218462\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T21:52:30Z","timestamp":1758577950000},"page":"118596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The association between macro-level structural discrimination and alcohol outcomes: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"385","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8577-5221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Bright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Holman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Henney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loni Philip","family":"Tabb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Purshouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354920984168","article-title":"Developing a database of structural racism\u2013related state laws for health equity research and practice in the United States","volume":"136","author":"Ag\u00e9nor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Reports\u00ae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib2","series-title":"Mapping Attacks on LGBTQ Rights in U.S. State Legislatures in 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103547","article-title":"\u2018Pretty in Pink\u2019 and \u2018Girl Power\u2019: an analysis of the targeting and representation of women in alcohol brand marketing on Facebook and Instagram","volume":"101","author":"Atkinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"issue":"10077","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","article-title":"Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions","volume":"389","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac205","article-title":"The mouth as a site of compound injustices: a structural intersectionality approach to the oral health of working-age US adults","volume":"192","author":"Bastos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116804","article-title":"Methods for structural sexism and population health research: introducing a novel analytic framework to capture life-course and intersectional effects","volume":"351","author":"Beccia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.170464","article-title":"Alcohol retail density and demographic predictors of health disparities: a geographic analysis","volume":"100","author":"Berke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.12.080186.000435","article-title":"Recent developments in role theory | annual reviews","volume":"12","author":"Biddle","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibac036","article-title":"Efforts to advance NIH-funded behavioral and social sciences research on structural racism and health","volume":"12","author":"Blachman-Demner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Translational Behavioral Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302981","article-title":"Mental health of transgender veterans in US states with and without discrimination and hate crime legal protection","volume":"106","author":"Blosnich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7052136","article-title":"Gender differences in public and private drinking contexts: a multi-level GENACIS analysis","volume":"7","author":"Bond","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00148-3","article-title":"Trends in situational norms and attitudes toward drinking among whites, blacks, and hispanics: 1984\u20131995","volume":"54","author":"Caetano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2024.04.014","article-title":"School segregation and health across racial groups: a life course study","volume":"75","author":"Chiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e454","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000936","article-title":"Call to action: structural racism as a fundamental driver of health disparities: a presidential advisory from the American heart association","volume":"142","author":"Churchwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib16","series-title":"Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment","author":"Collins","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib17","series-title":"Intersectionality","author":"Collins","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib18","series-title":"How we get free: Black feminism and the Combahee River Collective","first-page":"15","article-title":"The Combahee River Collective: A Black feminist statement","author":"Combahee River Collective","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007096","article-title":"Structural levels of mental illness stigma and discrimination","volume":"30","author":"Corrigan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib20","volume":"1989","author":"Crenshaw","year":"1989"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.11.001","article-title":"Social desirability biases in self-reported alcohol consumption and harms","volume":"35","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac112","article-title":"What structural racism is (or is not) and how to measure it: clarity for public health and medical researchers","volume":"191","author":"Dean","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465231194043","article-title":"Structural sexism and preventive health care use in the United States","volume":"65","author":"Dore","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib24","series-title":"What Makes Women Sick: Gender and the Political Economy of Health","author":"Doyal","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib25","series-title":"Differential Effects of State Policy Environments on Substance Use by Sexual Identity: Findings from the 2000\u20132015 National Alcohol Surveys","author":"Drabble","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113719","article-title":"Association between school racial\/ethnic composition during adolescence and adult health","volume":"272","author":"Dudovitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117434","article-title":"Racism-related experiences and substance use: a systematic and meta-analytic review","volume":"362","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-2184","article-title":"Historic redlining and impact of structural racism on diabetes prevalence in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults","volume":"47","author":"Egede","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.12.022","article-title":"Intersecting structural oppression and black sexual minority men's health","volume":"60","author":"English","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12726","article-title":"Intersecting structural oppression and suicidality among black sexual minority Male adolescents and emerging adults","volume":"32","author":"English","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Res. Adolesc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.023","article-title":"Sex and gender-related differences in alcohol use and its consequences: contemporary knowledge and future research considerations","volume":"156","author":"Erol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.09.036","article-title":"The Impact of Civil Union Legislation on Minority Stress, Depression, and Hazardous Drinking in a Diverse Sample of sexual-minority Women: a quasi-natural Experiment","volume":"169","author":"Everett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.06.009","article-title":"Discrimination and drinking: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"161","author":"Gilbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2307\/2092933","article-title":"A theory of role strain","volume":"25","author":"Goode","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13096","article-title":"Do gender differences in the relationship between living with children and alcohol consumption vary by societal gender inequality?","volume":"39","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/0021934705283905","article-title":"The whole truth and nothing but the truth?: african American students and university research participation","volume":"37","author":"Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Black Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.012809.103607","article-title":"Targeted marketing and public health","volume":"31","author":"Grier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"10152","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31310-2","article-title":"Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"392","author":"Griswold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.153510","article-title":"State-level policies and psychiatric morbidity in Lesbian, Gay, and bisexual populations","volume":"99","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.168815","article-title":"The impact of institutional discrimination on psychiatric disorders in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: a prospective study","volume":"100","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122419848723","article-title":"Structural sexism and health in the United States: a new perspective on health inequality and the gender system","volume":"84","author":"Homan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116379","article-title":"Health consequences of structural sexism: conceptual foundations, empirical evidence and priorities for future research","volume":"351","author":"Homan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465211032947","article-title":"Structural intersectionality as a new direction for health disparities research","volume":"62","author":"Homan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300882","article-title":"Income inequality, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems","volume":"103","author":"Karriker-Jaffe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004031","article-title":"School racial segregation and long-term cardiovascular health among Black adults in the US: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib46","first-page":"27","article-title":"Associations between gender equality and health: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.4.668","article-title":"Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: an ecosocial perspective","volume":"30","author":"Krieger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300544","article-title":"Methods for the scientific study of discrimination and health: an ecosocial approach","volume":"102","author":"Krieger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.2190\/HS.44.4.b","article-title":"Discrimination and health inequities","volume":"44","author":"Krieger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040119-094017","article-title":"Measures of racism, sexism, heterosexism, and gender binarism for health equity research: from structural injustice to embodied Harm-An ecosocial analysis","volume":"41","author":"Krieger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.01.018","article-title":"Social roles and alcohol consumption: a study of 10 industrialised countries","volume":"68","author":"Kuntsche","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03507.x","article-title":"Housewife or working mum\u2014Each to her own? The relevance of societal factors in the association between social roles and alcohol use among mothers in 16 industrialized countries","volume":"106","author":"Kuntsche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101225","article-title":"A comprehensive framework for operationalizing structural racism in health research: the association between mass incarceration of Black people in the U.S. and adverse birth outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Larrabee Sonderlund","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM - Population Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-007-9226-y","article-title":"Exploring health disparities in integrated communities: overview of the EHDIC study","volume":"85","author":"LaVeist","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urban Health: Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib55","first-page":"463","article-title":"The interplay of Local- and state-level alcohol policies in the United States","volume":"85","author":"Lenk","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib56","volume":"2","author":"Lucas","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114976","article-title":"Structural sexism and Women's alcohol use in the United States, 1988\u20132016","volume":"301","author":"McKetta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.115878","article-title":"Structural sexism moderates work and occupational risks for alcohol consumption and binge drinking among US women, 1989-2016","volume":"324","author":"McKetta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1089\/whr.2020.0114","article-title":"Gender equality and health in high-income countries: a systematic review of within-country indicators of gender equality in relation to health outcomes","volume":"2","author":"Milner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib61","first-page":"163","article-title":"Conducting systematic reviews of association (etiology): the Joanna Briggs Institute's approach","volume":"13","author":"Moola","year":"2015","journal-title":"JBI Evidence Implementation"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib62","first-page":"83","article-title":"Target marketing of tobacco and alcohol-related products to ethnic minority groups in the United States","volume":"6","author":"Moore","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ethn. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1451892","article-title":"Protective factors as an explanation for the \u2018Paradox\u2019 of black-white differences in heavy drinking","volume":"53","author":"Mulia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib64","series-title":"Structural Racism and Discrimination","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.900186","article-title":"A rapid systematic review of worldwide alcohol use disorders and brief alcohol interventions in the criminal justice System","volume":"13","author":"Newbury-Birch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112305","article-title":"Is racism a fundamental cause of inequalities in health?","volume":"41","author":"Phelan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764296040002009","article-title":"Discrimination comes in many forms: individual, institutional, and structural","volume":"40","author":"PINCUS","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. Behav. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260504269685","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and physical health consequences: policy and practice implications","volume":"19","author":"Plichta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000957","article-title":"Watching the fall of Roe v. Wade: media exposure relates to U.S. women's alcohol use intentions","volume":"38","author":"Post","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02132-z","article-title":"The dose-response relationship between socioeconomic deprivation and alcohol-attributable mortality risk\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Probst","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib72","first-page":"i45","article-title":"The influence of societal level factors on men's and women's alcohol consumption and alcohol problems","volume":"41","author":"Rahav","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465211058153","article-title":"State\u2013level sexism and gender disparities in health care access and quality in the United States","volume":"63","author":"Rapp","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"issue":"9682","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60746-7","article-title":"Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders","volume":"373","author":"Rehm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.02.017","article-title":"Macro-level gender equality and alcohol consumption: a multi- level analysis across U.S. states","volume":"75","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12215","article-title":"The equal right to drink","volume":"33","author":"Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116214","article-title":"Testing mediating pathways between school segregation and health: evidence on peer prejudice and health behaviors","volume":"335","author":"Schwartz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2022.102904","article-title":"The long shadow of residential racial segregation: associations between childhood residential segregation trajectories and young adult health among Black US Americans","volume":"77","author":"Schwartz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.2012.01244.x","article-title":"Alcohol use among Black and white adolescents exploring the influence of interracial friendship, the racial composition of peer groups, and communities","volume":"53","author":"Seffrin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sociol. Q."},{"issue":"10368","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02484-9","article-title":"Racism, xenophobia, and discrimination: mapping pathways to health outcomes","volume":"400","author":"Selvarajah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-022-00665-z","article-title":"The relationship of historical redlining with present-day neighborhood environmental and health outcomes: a scoping review and conceptual model","volume":"99","author":"Swope","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2005.66.610","article-title":"Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder and problem drinking in sexual assault survivors","volume":"66","author":"Ullman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-055952","article-title":"School racial segregation and the health of Black children","volume":"149","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib84","author":"Wells"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.2.01","article-title":"Gender differences in the epidemiology of alcohol use and related harms in the United States","volume":"40","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Curr. Rev."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13222","article-title":"Understanding how discrimination can affect health","volume":"54","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib87","first-page":"261","article-title":"The association between state-level structural racism and alcohol and tobacco use behaviors among a national probability sample of Black Americans","volume":"33","author":"Woodard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032113","article-title":"Less drinking, yet more problems: understanding African American drinking and related problems","volume":"140","author":"Zapolski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.117712","article-title":"Quantitative approaches to structural intersectionality research: conceptual and methodologic considerations","volume":"367","author":"Zubizarreta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027795362500927X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027795362500927X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T14:21:54Z","timestamp":1778682114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S027795362500927X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["S027795362500927X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The association between macro-level structural discrimination and alcohol outcomes: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118596","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118596"}}