{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T21:28:35Z","timestamp":1784842115473,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T23:42:26Z","timestamp":1762645346000},"page":"118757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Occupational stress and substance use-related stigma among criminal attorneys"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"388","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7979-6062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garland E.","family":"Gerber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela R.","family":"Bazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Beletsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4779-768X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eileen V.","family":"Pitpitan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1750-2616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark B.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5371-3229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laramie R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib1","series-title":"Profile of the Legal Profession 2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib2","series-title":"The Fulfilling Workplace: the Organization's Role in Achieving Individual and Organizational Health","first-page":"129","article-title":"Employee assistance programs: evidence and current trends","author":"Attridge","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib3","article-title":"Advancing behavioral health integration in primary care: key lessons from the field","author":"Bach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Affairs Blog"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib4","first-page":"171","article-title":"The power of prosecutors","volume":"94","author":"Bellin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fordham Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib5","series-title":"Prosecutor Workplace and Compensation Study: Report of Findings","author":"Biener","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib30","series-title":"Behind Bars II: Substance Abuse and America\u2019s Prison Population","author":"Center on Addiction","year":"2010"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201100529","article-title":"Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a meta-analysis of outcome studies","volume":"63","author":"Corrigan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib8","first-page":"113","article-title":"Developing a research agenda for understanding the stigma of addictions: lessons from the mental health stigma literature","volume":"23","author":"Corrigan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib9","first-page":"1236","article-title":"Can't touch this: toward a public health analysis of police use of force","volume":"42","author":"Del Pozo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib10","first-page":"12","article-title":"Prosecution in the public interest: expanding the role of prosecutors in promoting public health","volume":"51","author":"Del Pozo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Law Med. Ethics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0437-9","article-title":"HIV stigma mechanisms and well-being among PLWH: a test of the HIV stigma framework","volume":"17","author":"Earnshaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.12.020","article-title":"Evidence-based treatment practices for drug-involved adults in the criminal justice system","volume":"32","author":"Friedmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X05279903","article-title":"How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability","volume":"18","author":"Guest","year":"2006","journal-title":"Field Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib16","article-title":"Healthcare staff wellbeing, burnout, and patient safety: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732316665344","article-title":"Code saturation versus meaning saturation: how many interviews are enough?","volume":"27","author":"Hennink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib14","article-title":"Mental Health and Wellbeing in the Legal Profession","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bristol Univ. Press"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib18","series-title":"Legal Interventions and Drug Policy Reform","author":"Kilmer","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000182","article-title":"The prevalence of substance use and other mental health concerns among American attorneys","volume":"10","author":"Krill","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Addiction Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20311","article-title":"Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry","volume":"15","author":"Leiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib21","first-page":"417","article-title":"Secondary traumatic stress in attorneys and their well-being","author":"Levin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.363","article-title":"Conceptualizing stigma","volume":"27","author":"Link","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib23","article-title":"Structural stigma in health-care contexts for people with mental health and substance use issues: a literature review","volume":"252","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03601.x","article-title":"The effectiveness of interventions for reducing stigma related to substance use disorders: a systematic review","volume":"107","author":"Livingston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib25","first-page":"31","article-title":"Codebook development for team-based qualitative analysis","volume":"10","author":"MacQueen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cult. Anthropol. Method"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000005467","article-title":"Stigma against patients with substance use disorders among health care professionals and trainees and stigma-reducing interventions: a systematic review","volume":"99","author":"Magnan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib27","series-title":"Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior","first-page":"351","article-title":"Burnout","author":"Maslach","year":"2016"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib28","first-page":"16","article-title":"Stigma of addiction in health care: a research agenda","volume":"18","author":"McGinty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Bioeth."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-011-0352-1","article-title":"Burnout in mental health services: a review of the problem and its remediation","volume":"39","author":"Morse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adm. Pol. Ment. Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib31","first-page":"1673","article-title":"The prevalence of substance use disorders in physicians and barriers to care","volume":"90","author":"Oreskovich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib32","first-page":"295","article-title":"Caseload crisis among U.S. public defenders: implications for justice and attorney well-being","volume":"47","author":"Pace","year":"2023","journal-title":"Law Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.3713","article-title":"Association between physician burnout and patient safety, professionalism, and patient satisfaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"178","author":"Panagioti","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2022.100533","article-title":"Burnout in the DA's office: correlates and coping strategies among male and female prosecutors","volume":"69","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Law Crime Justice"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.03.022","article-title":"Stigma and prejudice: one animal or two?","volume":"67","author":"Phelan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib36","article-title":"NVivo (Version 14)","year":"2022","journal-title":"QSR Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.10.004","article-title":"Executive leadership and physician well-being: nine organizational strategies to promote engagement and reduce burnout","volume":"92","author":"Shanafelt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib38","article-title":"Lawyer well-being in Massachusetts: results of the survey of Massachusetts lawyers and judges","author":"Sirkin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Supreme J. Court Stand. Commit. Lawyer Well Being"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib39","first-page":"322","article-title":"Public defenders and the challenges of resource scarcity","volume":"33","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Justice Syst. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1271-3","article-title":"The health stigma and discrimination framework: a global, cross-cutting framework to inform research, intervention development, and policy on health-related stigmas","volume":"17","author":"Stangl","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib41","series-title":"2022 NSDUH Annual National Report","year":"2023"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-1152","article-title":"Evidence relating health care provider burnout and quality of care: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"171","author":"Tawfik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.12.019","article-title":"Drug treatment services for adult offenders: the state of the state","volume":"32","author":"Taxman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002969","article-title":"Stigma as a fundamental hindrance to the United States opioid overdose crisis response","volume":"16","author":"Tsai","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1246-9","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in examining and addressing intersectional stigma and health","volume":"17","author":"Turan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-4-10","article-title":"Nowhere to go: how stigma limits the options of female drug users after release from jail","volume":"4","author":"van Olphen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse Treat. Prev. Pol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0661-4","article-title":"The changing opioid crisis: development, challenges and opportunities","volume":"26","author":"Volkow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12752","article-title":"Physician burnout: contributors, consequences and solutions","volume":"283","author":"West","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953625010883?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953625010883?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:26:55Z","timestamp":1775147215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953625010883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0277953625010883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Occupational stress and substance use-related stigma among criminal attorneys","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118757","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118757"}}