{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T08:51:24Z","timestamp":1781945484547,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002999","name":"Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002999","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T16:46:47Z","timestamp":1767804407000},"page":"118953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["\u2018The cycle must stop here\u2019: Patterns of intergenerational transmission of traumatizing WWII experiences in three generations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"392","author":[{"given":"Bart","family":"Nauta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huibertha Bastiaantje","family":"Mitima-Verloop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3204-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa-Lena","family":"Van der Maat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7953-9425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Marthe","family":"Van der Bles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0819-8640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trudy T.M.","family":"Mooren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X15599557","article-title":"A comparison of parent and child narratives of children's recovery from trauma","volume":"35","author":"Alisic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lang. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2000.2.1\/ybarak","article-title":"Lifelong posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence from aging holocaust survivors","volume":"2","author":"Barak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.04.009","article-title":"Living in \u201csurvival mode:\u201d intergenerational transmission of trauma from the Holodomor genocide of 1932\u20131933 in Ukraine","volume":"134","author":"Bezo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2017.23","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of violence and resilience in conflict-affected Burundi: a qualitative study of why some children thrive despite duress","volume":"4","author":"Berckmoes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Mental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib5","article-title":"Analyseren in kwalitatief onderzoek (3de editie)","author":"Boeije","year":"2019","journal-title":"Boom Lemma"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-022-10003-w","article-title":"The role of social support in coping with psychological trauma: an integrated biopsychosocial model for posttraumatic stress recovery","volume":"93","author":"Calhoun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1545-5300.2003.42208.x","article-title":"\u201cLiving with\u201d the past: coping and patterns in families of Holocaust survivors","volume":"42","author":"Chaitin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fam. Process"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12194","article-title":"Echoes of transgenerational trauma in the lived experiences of Jewish Australian grandchildren of Holocaust survivors","volume":"70","author":"Cohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. J. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/ajsp.12436","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of World War II family historical memories of the resistance","volume":"24","author":"Cordonnier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib10","series-title":"Postcolonial Witnessing: Trauma out of Bounds","author":"Craps","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.800687","article-title":"Developmental trauma: conceptual framework, associated risks and comorbidities, and evaluation and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Cruz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461514568442","article-title":"Disclosure and silencing: a systematic review of the literature on patterns of trauma communication in refugee families","volume":"52","author":"Dalgaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transcult. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000145","article-title":"Multigenerational legacies of trauma: modeling the what and how of transmission","volume":"86","author":"Danieli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1654065","article-title":"Intergenerational consequences of the Holocaust on offspring mental health: a systematic review of associated factors and mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Dashorst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2025.2507452","article-title":"Indirect intrusions about World War two in survivor offspring: a qualitative thematic content analysis","volume":"16","author":"Dashorst","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380251343187","article-title":"Parent\u2013Child communication after parental exposure to potentially traumatic events: a systematic review","author":"De Beijer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1080\/0966369X.2021.1950644","article-title":"\u2018The past should not affect the children\u2019: intergenerational hauntings in the homes of Indo-European families","volume":"29","author":"Doornbos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gend. Place Cult."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/ajop.12057","article-title":"Parental styles in the intergenerational transmission of trauma stemming from the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia","volume":"83","author":"Field","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/08873267.2012.694127","article-title":"An exploration of German subjectivity three generations after the end of World War two","volume":"41","author":"Fuchs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Humanist. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028455","article-title":"Protective factors for intergenerational transmission of trauma among second and third generation holocaust survivors","volume":"5","author":"Giladi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v7.29700","article-title":"PTSD in ICD-10 and proposed ICD-11 in elderly with childhood trauma: prevalence, factor structure, and symptom profiles","volume":"7","author":"Gl\u00fcck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/genealogy9010004","article-title":"A three-generation Study of the prevalence and comorbidity of posttraumatic obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder among Afghan refugees","volume":"9","author":"Habib","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genealogy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2021.1876637","article-title":"WWII trauma impacts physical and mental health in the oldest old: results from a German population-based study","volume":"26","author":"Hauber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib24","series-title":"The Ordinary Magic: Een Narratief Onderzoek Naar Veerkracht En Trauma Bij Drie Generaties Joodse Nederlanders","author":"Haverkate","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1215\/03335372-2007-019","article-title":"The generation of postmemory","volume":"29","author":"Hirsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poetics Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01677","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of resilience? Sense of coherence is associated between Lithuanian survivors of political violence and their adult offspring","volume":"8","author":"Kazlauskas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib27","series-title":"Resiliency: Enhancing Coping with Crisis and Terrorism","first-page":"141","article-title":"A history of political violence in the family as a resilience factor","author":"Kazlauskas","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40656-023-00596-1","article-title":"Refusing epigenetics: indigeneity and the colonial politics of trauma","volume":"46","author":"Keaney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hist. Philos. Life Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010081","article-title":"Transgenerational transmission of trauma across three generations of Alevi Kurds","volume":"19","author":"Kizilhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1545-5300.2002.41306.x","article-title":"Observing mother-child relationships across generations: boundary patterns, attachment, and the transmission of caregiving","volume":"41","author":"Kretchmar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fam. Process"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/1473325007074167","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of trauma across three generations: a preliminary study","volume":"6","author":"Lev-Wiesel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Qual. Soc. Work"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1545-5300.2006.00183.x","article-title":"To rebuild lives: a longitudinal study of the influences of the Holocaust on relationships among three generations of women in one family","volume":"45","author":"Litvak-Hirsch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fam. Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.15388\/Psichol.2014.49.3696","article-title":"Trauma experience, psychological resilience and dispositional optimism: three adult generations in Lithuania","volume":"49","author":"Mazulyte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psichologija"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib34","series-title":"Together in silence. Commemoration, rituals and coping with war experiences and loss [Doctoral dissertation]","author":"Mitima-Verloop","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.73.3.266","article-title":"Intergenerational communication of race\u2010related trauma by Japanese American former internees","volume":"73","author":"Nagata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib36","article-title":"Comment les petits-enfants de Juifs Polonais qui ont travers\u00e9 l'Holocauste et l\u2019immigration per\u00e7oivent leur histoire familiale et leur identit\u00e9","author":"Oppenheim-Gluckman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Cent. Rech. Fr. J\u00e9rusalem"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732310393747","article-title":"Disorganizing experiences in second-and third-generation holocaust survivors","volume":"21","author":"Scharf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380231207906","article-title":"Parent\u2013child communication about potentially traumatic events: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Sloover","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Resilience: an update","volume":"25","author":"Southwick","year":"2015","journal-title":"PTSD Research Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2014.08.002","article-title":"Personally relevant vs. nationally relevant memories: an intergenerational examination of World War II memories across and within Belgian French-speaking families","volume":"3","author":"Stone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025706427300","article-title":"Are children of Holocaust survivors less well-adapted? A meta-analytic investigation of secondary traumatization","volume":"16","author":"Van Ijzendoorn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03061963","article-title":"Drie generaties holocaust? Over gehechtheid, trauma en veerkracht","volume":"28","author":"Van Ijzendoorn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tijdschr Psychother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib43","series-title":"MAXQDA 2022 [computer software]","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v4i0.20832","article-title":"Psychotraumatology in the Netherlands","volume":"4","author":"Vermetten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/01650250143000346","article-title":"Parental communication of holocaust experiences and interpersonal patterns in offspring of holocaust survivors","volume":"26","author":"Wiseman","year":"2002","journal-title":"IJBD (Int. J. Behav. Dev.)"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.01.002","article-title":"Maternal, not paternal, PTSD is related to increased risk for PTSD in offspring of Holocaust survivors","volume":"42","author":"Yehuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.1.163","article-title":"Effects of parental PTSD on the cortisol response to dexamethasone administration in their adult offspring","volume":"164","author":"Yehuda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401003170","article-title":"Childhood trauma and risk for PTSD: relationship to intergenerational effects of trauma, parental PTSD, and cortisol excretion","volume":"13","author":"Yehuda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626000286?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626000286?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T08:24:22Z","timestamp":1781943862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953626000286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0277953626000286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"\u2018The cycle must stop here\u2019: Patterns of intergenerational transmission of traumatizing WWII experiences in three generations","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118953","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118953"}}