{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T17:15:36Z","timestamp":1784394936851,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,22]],"date-time":"2027-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1800576000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":327,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG072972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG072972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000957","name":"Alzheimer's Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AARG- 21-850963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AARG- 21-850963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:29:51Z","timestamp":1768609791000},"page":"118995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Residential segregation of Black and Latinx older adults and brain imaging outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"393","author":[{"given":"Lilah M.","family":"Besser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3865-4400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Forrester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Mitsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3516-6345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline","family":"Maillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"DeCarli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Whitmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1093-0477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oanh L.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809","volume":"20","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13027","article-title":"The structural and social determinants of Alzheimer's disease related dementias","volume":"19","author":"Adkins-Jackson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510393974","article-title":"The urban neighborhood and cognitive functioning in late middle age","volume":"52","author":"Aneshensel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","article-title":"Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions","volume":"389","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000215","article-title":"Baseline white matter hyperintensities and hippocampal volume are associated with conversion from normal cognition to mild cognitive impairment in the framingham offspring study","volume":"32","author":"Bangen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0558-z","article-title":"Built environmental correlates of older adults' total physical activity and walking: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Barnett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Activ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32836184b5","article-title":"Blood pressure levels and brain volume reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Beauchet","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043456","article-title":"Outdoor green space exposure and brain health measures related to Alzheimer's disease: a rapid review","volume":"11","author":"Besser","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210370","article-title":"Associations between neighborhood park access and longitudinal change in cognition in older adults: the multi-ethnic study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"82","author":"Besser","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7973","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157973","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between the neighborhood built environment and cognition in US older adults: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Besser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.02.013","article-title":"Neighborhood environment and cognition in older adults: a systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Besser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12705","article-title":"Neighborhood segregation and cognitive change: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Besser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2022.06.010","article-title":"Redlining and neighborhood walking in older adults: the 2017 national household travel survey","volume":"63","author":"Besser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2013.10.010","article-title":"The intersection of neighborhood racial segregation, poverty, and urbanicity and its impact on food store availability in the United States","volume":"58","author":"Bower","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01394","article-title":"Systemic and structural racism: definitions, examples, health damages, and approaches to dismantling","volume":"41","author":"Braveman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib16","series-title":"The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.01.021","article-title":"MRI predictors of cognitive change in a diverse and carefully characterized elderly population","volume":"33","author":"Carmichael","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.0860","article-title":"Association of racial residential segregation throughout young adulthood and cognitive performance in middle-aged participants in the CARDIA study","volume":"77","author":"Caunca","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114560","article-title":"Neighborhood built environment associated with cognition and dementia risk among older adults: a systematic literature review","volume":"292","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10061240","article-title":"Systemic inflammation predicts alzheimer pathology in community samples without dementia","volume":"10","author":"Cherbuin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib21","article-title":"Objectively measured environmental features and their association with cognition and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Da","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000150668.58689.f2","article-title":"Anatomical mapping of white matter hyperintensities (WMH): exploring the relationships between periventricular WMH, deep WMH, and total WMH burden","volume":"36","author":"DeCarli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.10.1807","article-title":"Neighborhood context and mortality among older Mexican Americans: is there a barrio advantage?","volume":"94","author":"Eschbach","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104628","article-title":"Community violence and cellular and cytokine indicators of inflammation in adolescents","volume":"115","author":"Finegood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106669","article-title":"Neighborhood active aging infrastructure and cognitive function: a mixed-methods study of older Americans","volume":"150","author":"Finlay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wss.2021.100040","article-title":"Neighborhood cognitive amenities? A mixed-methods study of intellectually-stimulating places and cognitive function among older Americans","volume":"2","author":"Finlay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wellbeing Space Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib27","first-page":"106","article-title":"MRI non-uniformity correction through interleaved bias estimation and B-spline deformation with a template","volume":"2012","author":"Fletcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.683426","article-title":"Convolutional neural net learning can achieve production-level brain segmentation in structural magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"15","author":"Fletcher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib29","first-page":"5319","article-title":"Adaptive image segmentation for robust measurement of longitudinal brain tissue change","volume":"2012","author":"Fletcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2024.103258","article-title":"Understanding perceived park access and physical activity among older adults: a structural equation modeling approach","volume":"88","author":"Fry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114542","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between objective and perceived healthy food environment and diet: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"292","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2012.01417.x","article-title":"Residential segregation and the availability of primary care physicians","volume":"47","author":"Gaskin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"7","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00092","article-title":"How segregation makes us fat: food behaviors and food environment as mediators of the relationship between residential segregation and individual body mass index","volume":"6","author":"Goodman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2017.01.007","article-title":"Neighborhood isolation in Chicago: violent crime effects on structural isolation and homophily in inter-neighborhood commuting networks, 2002-2013","volume":"51","author":"Graif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2009.01.047","article-title":"Residential segregation and access to surgical care by minority populations in US counties","volume":"208","author":"Hayanga","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e3181c1ee01","article-title":"Recruitment of a community-based cohort for research on diversity and risk of dementia","volume":"24","author":"Hinton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynpai.2022.100101","article-title":"The neurobiology of social stress resulting from racism: implications for pain disparities among racialized minorities","volume":"12","author":"Hobson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa206","article-title":"Neighborhood deprivation, obesity, and diabetes in residents of the US Gulf Coast","volume":"190","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4501","article-title":"Association of neighborhood-level disadvantage with cerebral and hippocampal volume","volume":"77","author":"Hunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2500","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011918","article-title":"Association of neighborhood context, cognitive decline, and cortical change in an unimpaired cohort","volume":"96","author":"Hunt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10011","article-title":"FLAIR histogram segmentation for measurement of leukoaraiosis volume","volume":"14","author":"Jack","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.Magn Reson.Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbab107","article-title":"Racial segregation and cognitive function among older adults in the United States: findings from the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke study","volume":"77","author":"Jang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.107256","article-title":"Neighborhood segregation, tree cover and firearm violence in 6 U.S. cities, 2015-2020","volume":"165","author":"Jay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.8.1212","article-title":"Levels of racism: a theoretic framework and a gardener's tale","volume":"90","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/78.3.458","article-title":"Social ties and mental health","volume":"78","author":"Kawachi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-023-00335-x","article-title":"Current approaches to measuring local racial and ethnic residential segregation in population health studies","volume":"11","author":"Kershaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Epidemiol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.13","article-title":"Visceral obesity is associated with white matter hyperintensity and lacunar infarct","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.83660","article-title":"Impact of social isolation on grey matter structure and cognitive functions: a population-based longitudinal neuroimaging study","volume":"12","author":"Lammer","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.6","article-title":"Neighborhood psychosocial environment, apolipoprotein E genotype, and cognitive function in older adults","volume":"68","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650704800203","article-title":"Neighborhood residential segregation and physical health among hispanic Americans: good, bad, or benign?","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the lancet standing commission","volume":"404","author":"Livingston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the lancet commission","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s42949-021-00022-0","article-title":"Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US cities","volume":"1","author":"Locke","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Urban Sustain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100916","article-title":"Inflammation and cerebral small vessel disease: a systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Low","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114226","article-title":"Neighborhood racial\/ethnic segregation and cognitive decline in older adults","volume":"284","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib57","article-title":"Neighborhood socioeconomic status and segregation linked to cognitive decline","volume":"15","author":"Meyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103455","article-title":"The association of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes with hippocampal subfields volume: the maastricht study","volume":"39","author":"Monereo-Sanchez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage, Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2016.08.003","article-title":"Differences in neighborhood social cohesion and aerobic physical activity by Latino subgroup","volume":"2","author":"Murillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib60","volume":"vol.1","author":"Odoms-Young AM","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18137166","article-title":"Operationalizing social environments in cognitive aging and dementia research: a scoping review","volume":"18","author":"Peterson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111233","article-title":"Relationship between residential segregation, later-life cognition, and incident dementia across race\/ethnicity","volume":"18","author":"Pohl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122410380868","article-title":"Racial segregation and the American foreclosure crisis","volume":"75","author":"Rugh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000980","article-title":"Plasma lipids and cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"83","author":"Schilling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306540","article-title":"Neighborhood racial and economic segregation and disparities in violence during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"112","author":"Schleimer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2482070938","article-title":"Whole-brain atrophy rate and cognitive decline: longitudinal MR study of memory clinic patients","volume":"248","author":"Sluimer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.04.045","article-title":"Models and mechanisms for hippocampal dysfunction in obesity and diabetes","volume":"309","author":"Stranahan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18167","article-title":"Neighborhood segregation, socioeconomic status, and cognitive function among older Chinese immigrants","volume":"71","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2321","article-title":"Association between neighborhood violence and biological stress in children","volume":"171","author":"Theall","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1177\/08982643221100789","article-title":"Perceived neighborhood racial composition and depressive symptoms among black Americans across adulthood: evaluating the role of psychosocial risks and resources","volume":"35","author":"Thomas Tobin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00563","article-title":"Social isolation, loneliness, and violence exposure in urban adults","volume":"38","author":"Tung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib72","series-title":"Hispanic\/Latino Health","year":"2024"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-012-9426-x","article-title":"Spatial disparities in the distribution of parks and green spaces in the USA","volume":"45","author":"Wen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3549(04)50068-7","article-title":"Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health","volume":"116","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Publ. Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.07.024","article-title":"Neighborhood safety factors associated with older adults' health-related outcomes: a systematic literature review","volume":"165","author":"Won","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab297","article-title":"Racial residential segregation in young adulthood and brain integrity in middle age: can we learn from small samples?","volume":"191","author":"Zeki Al Hazzouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230253","article-title":"Mediation effect of brain volume on the relationship between peripheral inflammation and cognitive decline","volume":"95","author":"Zhuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626000705?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626000705?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T08:44:25Z","timestamp":1782117865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953626000705"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["S0277953626000705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Residential segregation of Black and Latinx older adults and brain imaging outcomes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118995","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118995"}}