{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T04:07:14Z","timestamp":1777867634983,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003323","name":"ANRS Emerging Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007586","name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"French National Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-17-EURE-0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-EURE-0020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T07:44:38Z","timestamp":1768981478000},"page":"119009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["How structural homophobia is spreading HIV-risk sexual behaviours around the world"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"396","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5372-4334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Leroy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6394-0070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Lamontagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3546-8020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Spire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9703-8950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7567-5200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvie","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0774-1525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Ventelou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099591","article-title":"Exploring risk behaviors and vulnerability for HIV among men who have sex with men in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire: poor knowledge, homophobia and sexual violence","volume":"9","author":"Aho","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib2","article-title":"Sexual minorities, violence and AIDS in Africa","author":"Anyamele","year":"2005","journal-title":"Africa Region Working Paper Series No, August"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/17290376.2012.743787","article-title":"Rewriting the narrative of the epidemiology of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"9","author":"Baral","year":"2012","journal-title":"SAHARA J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV\/AIDS Research Alliance"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70315-8","article-title":"Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Baral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000204","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic discrimination and well-being during adolescence: a meta-analytic review","volume":"73","author":"Benner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxq011","article-title":"The expanding epidemics of HIV type 1 among men who have sex with men in Low- and middle-income countries: diversity and consistency","volume":"32","author":"Beyrer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"issue":"9839","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60821-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men","volume":"380","author":"Beyrer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221108087","article-title":"Structural stigma and sexual minority victimization across 28 countries: the moderating role of gender, gender nonconformity, and socioeconomic status","author":"Br\u00e4nstr\u00f6m","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Interpers Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib9","unstructured":"Brown, Taylor N T, and Jody L Herman. n.d. \u201cIntimate Partner Violence and Sexual Abuse Among lgbt People.\u201d."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833af7c9","article-title":"Stress and increased HIV infection risk among gay and bisexual men","volume":"24","author":"Burchell","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9879-5","article-title":"The impact of stressful life events on unprotected anal intercourse among gay and bisexual men","volume":"16","author":"Calzavara","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib71","series-title":"Legislating an epidemic: the challenge of HIV\/AIDS in the workplace","author":"Cameron","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib12","article-title":"HIV among gay and bisexual men","year":"2016","journal-title":"GLAAD"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.51.2.234","article-title":"Risk behaviors for sexually transmitted infections among men with mental disorders","volume":"51","author":"Coverdale","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/13691050500349875","article-title":"Drug use and risk behaviour among regular ecstasy users: does sexuality make a difference?","volume":"7","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cult. Health Sex."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1037\/1099-9809.10.3.255","article-title":"Sexual risk as an outcome of social oppression: data from a probability sample of Latino gay men in three U.S. cities","volume":"10","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cult. Divers Ethnic Minor. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib16","first-page":"1","article-title":"An empirical analysis of sexual orientation discrimination","volume":"86","author":"Dillbary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Univ. Chicago Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib17","series-title":"\u201cAttitudes Toward Homosexuality in Sub-saharan Africa,\u201d","author":"Dionne","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy013","article-title":"Global evidence on economic preferences","volume":"133","author":"Falk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.54.2.154","article-title":"Perceived discrimination and women's psychological distress: the roles of collective and personal self-esteem","volume":"54","author":"Fischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Counsel. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.46.3.395","article-title":"African Americans' mental health and perceptions of racist discrimination: the moderating effects of racial socialization experiences and self-esteem","volume":"46","author":"Fischer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Counsel. Psychol."},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba6910","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba6910","article-title":"Victimization rates and traits of sexual and gender minorities in the United States: results from the national crime victimization survey, 2017","volume":"6","author":"Flores","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00328.x","article-title":"Predicting self-esteem, well-being, and distress in a cohort of gay men: the importance of cultural stigma, personal visibility, community networks, and positive identity","volume":"65","author":"Frable","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016441","article-title":"How does sexual minority stigma \"get under the skin\"? A psychological mediation framework","volume":"135","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00312-2","article-title":"Structural stigma and LGBTQ+ health: a narrative review of quantitative studies","volume":"9","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.02.017","article-title":"Patterns of injecting and non-injecting drug use by sexual behaviour in people who inject drugs attending services in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 2013-2016","volume":"55","author":"Heinsbroek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib27","first-page":"923","article-title":"The social psychology of homophobia: toward a practical theory","volume":"14","author":"Herek","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rev. Law Soc. Change"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib28","first-page":"1","article-title":"State-sponsored homophobia and the denial of the right of assembly in central and Eastern Europe: the \u2018Boomerang\u2019 and the \u2018Ricochet\u2019 between European organizations and civil society to uphold human rights","volume":"35","author":"Holzhacker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Law Pol."},{"issue":"November","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib29","article-title":"Structural equation modeling: guidelines for determining model fit","volume":"6","author":"Hooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electron. J. Bus. Res. Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1017\/asr.2013.41","article-title":"A macro-level analysis of the scope, causes, and consequences of homophobia in Africa","volume":"56","author":"Ireland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. Stud. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0116","article-title":"HIV and hepatitis C virus infection and risk behaviors among heterosexual, bisexual, and Lesbian women who inject drugs in Australia","volume":"2","author":"Iversen","year":"2015","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612448194","article-title":"Experiencing discrimination increases risk taking","volume":"24","author":"Jamieson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0189-y","article-title":"Homophobia is associated with sexual behavior that increases risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV infection among black men who have sex with men","volume":"17","author":"Jeffries","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-013-0320-0","article-title":"The concept, dimensions and methods of assessment of human well-being within a socioecological context: a literature review","volume":"116","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cky023","article-title":"A socioecological measurement of homophobia for all countries and its public health impact","volume":"28","author":"Lamontagne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-025-02361-9","article-title":"Homophobia, economic precarity and the well-being of sexual and gender diverse people in a 153-country survey","author":"Lamontagne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17493-8","article-title":"Assessment and determinants of depression and anxiety on a global sample of sexual and gender diverse people at high risk of HIV: a public health approach","volume":"24","author":"Lamontagne","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001124","article-title":"HIV, gender, race, sexual orientation, and sex work: a qualitative study of intersectional stigma experienced by HIV-positive women in Ontario, Canada","volume":"8","author":"Logie","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.2001.1505","article-title":"Self-esteem, mood, and intentions to use condoms: when does low self-esteem lead to risky health behaviors?","volume":"38","author":"MacDonald","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"December","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib39","first-page":"187","article-title":"Mental health and risky sexual behaviors: evidence from DSM-IV axis II disorders","volume":"16","author":"Maclean","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health Pol. Econ."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2020.1766662","article-title":"Country level homophobia and protective sexual health behaviours among HIV negative or untested men who have sex with men in 45 countries","volume":"32","author":"Melendez-Torres","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2307\/2137286","article-title":"Minority stress and mental health in gay men","volume":"36","author":"Meyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674","article-title":"Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence","volume":"129","author":"Meyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2019.0317","article-title":"Family factors and HIV-related risk behaviors among adolescent sexual minority males in three United States cities, 2015","volume":"7","author":"Morris","year":"2020","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib45","article-title":"Discrimination, trust, and withholding information from providers: implications for missing data and inequity","volume":"18","author":"Nong","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2011.641947","article-title":"Structural equation modelling and regression analysis in tourism research","volume":"15","author":"Nunkoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tourism"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000724","article-title":"Hidden from health: structural stigma, sexual orientation concealment, and HIV across 38 countries in the European MSM internet survey","volume":"29","author":"Pachankis","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810382471","article-title":"Associations of high-risk behaviour and HIV status with HIV knowledge among persons in Tallinn, Estonia","volume":"38","author":"Parker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016059","article-title":"Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review","volume":"135","author":"Pascoe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22405","article-title":"Anti\u2010bullying laws and suicidal behaviors among teenagers","volume":"41","author":"Rees","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pol. Anal. Manag."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S137","DOI":"10.1057\/jphp.2011.29","article-title":"You become afraid to tell them that you are gay: health service utilization by men who have sex with men in South African cities","volume":"32","author":"Rispel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Publ. Health Pol."},{"issue":"May","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib52","article-title":"How homophobia is fuelling Africa's HIV epidemic","volume":"340","author":"Roehr","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428115621609","article-title":"Integrating moderation and mediation: a structural equation modeling approach","volume":"20","author":"Sardeshmukh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/14792772143000058","article-title":"The meaning and consequences of perceived discrimination in disadvantaged and privileged social groups","volume":"12","author":"Schmitt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260063","article-title":"The worldwide burden of HIV in transgender individuals: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Stutterheim","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib57","unstructured":"The World Bank. (n.d.). EIU digital infrastructure index [Data set]. Data360. Retrieved October 19, 2025, from https:\/\/data360.worldbank.org\/en\/indicator\/EIU_DI_INDEX."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib58","first-page":"586","article-title":"Pride and prejudice: employment discrimination against openly gay men in the United States","volume":"117","author":"Tilcsik","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJS"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.13109","article-title":"Public policy and behavior change","volume":"79","author":"Tummers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Adm. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib60","series-title":"Ending AIDS: Progress Towards the 90-90-90 Targets","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib62","series-title":"UNAIDS Terminology Guidelines","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.2.200","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies","volume":"93","author":"Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2009.06.004","article-title":"The impact of recent stressful experiences on HIV-risk related behaviors","volume":"33","author":"Wong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1055-2","article-title":"RMSEA, CFI, and TLI in structural equation modeling with ordered categorical data: the story they tell depends on the estimation methods","volume":"51","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.bp.114.048421","article-title":"Stigma and self-esteem across societies: avoiding blanket psychological responses to gay men experiencing homophobia","volume":"39","author":"Zervoulis","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJPsych Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/13698575.2015.1023267","article-title":"Towards a better understanding of risk-taking: key concepts, dimensions and perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Zinn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Risk Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009_bib70","unstructured":"ILGA : Lucas Ramon Mendos, Kellyn Botha, Rafael Carrano Lelis, Enrique L\u00f3pez de la Pe\u00f1a, Ilia Savelev, et Daron Tan, State-Sponsored Homophobia 2020: Global Legislation Overview Update (Geneva: ILGA, December 2020)."}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626000845?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626000845?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:34:38Z","timestamp":1777545278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953626000845"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["S0277953626000845"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"How structural homophobia is spreading HIV-risk sexual behaviours around the world","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119009"}}