{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T14:47:05Z","timestamp":1793544425403,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006429","name":"California Center for Population Research, University of California, Los Angeles","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2C-HD041022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2C-HD041022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000910","name":"Conrad N. Hilton Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000910","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T16:25:30Z","timestamp":1769531130000},"page":"119033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Criminalizing homelessness: Longitudinal associations of police encounters and homeless sweeps with psychosocial health among the unhoused community in Los Angeles"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"393","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4968-2789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessie","family":"Chien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8346-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin F.","family":"Henwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5664-6933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randall","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.04.036","article-title":"Scaling up: the politics of health and place","volume":"232","author":"Bambra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.4800","article-title":"Population-level health effects of involuntary displacement of people experiencing unsheltered homelessness who inject drugs in US cities","author":"Barocas","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.70025","article-title":"Effect of police interactions on those experiencing homelessness: a scoping review","author":"Barry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib4","series-title":"Denver's Progress on Reducing Unsheltered Homelessness and Encampments Offers a Promising Path for Other Cities","author":"Batko","year":"2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2025.308009","article-title":"Addressing unsheltered homelessness and substance use disorder from tent encampment to safe spaces, Boston 2021\u20132022","volume":"115","author":"Bharel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-lawsocsci-021020-105357","article-title":"Governing the belongings of the precariously housed: a critical legal geography","volume":"16","author":"Blomley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.6.781","article-title":"Development and validation of patient-reported outcome measures for sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairments","volume":"33","author":"Buysse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2022.100064","article-title":"Harms of encampment abatements on the health of unhoused people","volume":"2","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM - Qualitative Research in Health"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5016","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9551","article-title":"Flexible propensity score estimation strategies for clustered data in observational studies","volume":"41","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib10","unstructured":"City of Grants Pass, Oregon v. Johnson, No. No. 23\u2013175 (Supreme Court of the United States June 28, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.100356","article-title":"The disaggregation of within-person and between-person effects in longitudinal models of change","volume":"62","author":"Curran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.2018.1424723","article-title":"\u201cIt was like I lost everything\u201d: the harmful impacts of homeless-targeted policies","volume":"28","author":"Darrah-Okike","year":"2018","journal-title":"Housing Policy Debate"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/78.1.72","article-title":"Root shock: the consequences of African American dispossession","volume":"78","author":"Fullilove","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12484","article-title":"Weathering in Detroit: place, race, ethnicity, and poverty as conceptually fluctuating social constructs shaping variation in allostatic load","volume":"98","author":"Geronimus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib15","article-title":"Housing and displacement as risk factors for negative health outcomes among people who inject drugs in Los Angeles, CA, and Denver, CO, USA","volume":"3","author":"Goldshear","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research Square"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116408","article-title":"\u201cNotice of major cleaning\u201d: a qualitative study of the negative impact of encampment sweeps on the ontological security of unhoused people who use drugs","volume":"339","author":"Goldshear","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1111\/lsi.12287","article-title":"Policing social marginality: contrasting approaches","volume":"43","author":"Herbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Law Soc. Inq."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716221996703","article-title":"Complaint-oriented \u201cservices\u201d: shelters as tools for criminalizing homelessness","volume":"693","author":"Herring","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib19","first-page":"131","article-title":"Pervasive penality: how the criminalization of poverty perpetuates homelessness","volume":"67","author":"Herring","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Probl."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.4.668","article-title":"Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: an ecosocial perspective","volume":"30","author":"Krieger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74266","DOI":"10.2196\/74266","article-title":"Periodic assessment of trajectories of housing, homelessness, and health study (PATHS): Protocol for a prospective cohort study of people experiencing homelessness","volume":"14","author":"Kuhn","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/13698575.2022.2113508","article-title":"In the name of health: affect theory and the role of public health risks in the creation of carceral spaces","volume":"24","author":"Lachapelle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Risk Soc."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1080\/02723638.2016.1147755","article-title":"Invisible homelessness: anonymity, exposure, and the right to the city","volume":"37","author":"Langegger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urban Geogr."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2020.1753046","article-title":"Necropolitics in the \u201cCompassionate\u201d city: care\/brutality in San Francisco","volume":"39","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Anthropol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.06.019","article-title":"A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: validation and standardization of the patient health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population","volume":"122","author":"L\u00f6we","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2023.01040","article-title":"Encampment clearings and transitional housing: a qualitative analysis of resident perspectives","volume":"43","author":"Mayer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.22989","article-title":"Homeless encampments and involuntary displacement","volume":"333","author":"Meehan","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18681-w","article-title":"Involuntary displacement and self-reported health in a cross-sectional survey of people experiencing homelessness in Denver, Colorado, 2018\u20132019","volume":"24","author":"Meehan","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib30","article-title":"No safe place: the criminalization of homelessness in U.S. cities","year":"2019","journal-title":"National Law Center on Homelessness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1347630","article-title":"When safety for you means danger for me: the racial politics of carceral public safety discourse","volume":"15","author":"Rabelo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/10530789.2017.1305140","article-title":"No digital divide? Technology use among homeless adults","volume":"26","author":"Rhoades","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Soc. Distress Homeless"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/1078087417690833","article-title":"No right to rest: police enforcement patterns and quality of life consequences of the criminalization of homelessness","volume":"55","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Aff. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.39.3.472","article-title":"The revised UCLA loneliness scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence","volume":"39","author":"Russell","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Personality Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342251344398","article-title":"\u201cFrom homelessness to safety\u201d: short-term outcomes of low-threshold shelter on individuals experiencing substance use disorder and unsheltered homelessness","volume":"46","author":"Taylor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Substance Use & Addiction Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306640","article-title":"The annual homeless point-in-time count: limitations and two different solutions","volume":"112","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2025.2455492","article-title":"Co-opting the \u2018public\u2019 in public health: Homelessness and the specious logic of discretionary displacement in a mid-sized US city","volume":"35","author":"Weaver","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/10530789.2020.1763573","article-title":"Unhealthy by design: Health & safety consequences of the criminalization of homelessness","volume":"30","author":"Westbrook","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Soc. Distress Homeless"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/13604813.2020.1739933","article-title":"From displacement to displaceability: a southeastern perspective on the new metropolis","volume":"24","author":"Yiftachel","year":"2020","journal-title":"City"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241072","article-title":"Third-variable effect analysis with multilevel additive models","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428108327450","article-title":"Testing multilevel mediation using hierarchical linear models: problems and solutions","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626001085?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626001085?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T08:42:31Z","timestamp":1782117751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953626001085"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0277953626001085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Criminalizing homelessness: Longitudinal associations of police encounters and homeless sweeps with psychosocial health among the unhoused community in Los Angeles","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119033","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119033"}}