{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:01:40Z","timestamp":1792800100957,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007270","name":"University of Michigan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T23:11:55Z","timestamp":1776294715000},"page":"119273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A logic model for alternative response programs to guide public health research and practice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"400","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9150-1254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J.","family":"Fleming","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2711-4642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang V.","family":"Bahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Brinkley-Rubinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5162-1251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William D.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Parks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liz","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luna","family":"N.H.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Thompkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirry","family":"Alang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303691","article-title":"Police brutality and black health: setting the agenda for public health scholars","volume":"107","author":"Alang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib2","article-title":"Addressing law enforcement violence as a public health issue","year":"2018","journal-title":"APHA Policy Statements"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib3","article-title":"Advancing public health interventions to address the harms of the carceral system","year":"2021","journal-title":"APHA Policy Statements"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2025396","article-title":"How structural racism works\u2014Racist policies as a root cause of U.S. racial health inequities","volume":"384","author":"Bailey","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"10144","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31130-9","article-title":"Police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of Black Americans: a population-based, quasi-experimental study","volume":"392","author":"Bor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib6","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-025-00358-6","article-title":"The U.S. criminal legal System and population health","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Epidemiol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib9","unstructured":"Center for Community Health and Development. (n.d.). Chapter 2, Section 1: Developing a Logic Model or Theory of Change. University of Kansas. Retrieved April 1, 2025, from https:\/\/ctb.ku.edu\/en\/table-of-contents\/overview\/models-for-community-health-and-development\/logic-model-development\/main."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm2106","article-title":"A community response approach to mental health and substance abuse crises reduced crime","volume":"8","author":"Dee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16793","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1821204116","article-title":"Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race\u2013ethnicity, and sex","volume":"116","author":"Edwards","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajtas.20160501.11","article-title":"Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling","volume":"5","author":"Etikan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Theor. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib13","series-title":"CAHOOTS Program Analysis","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-016-0076-3","article-title":"Temporal trends and Racial\/Ethnic inequalities for legal intervention injuries treated in emergency departments: US men and women Age 15\u201334, 2001\u20132014","volume":"93","author":"Feldman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib15","series-title":"Fireweed Collective","year":"2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1177\/10901981211001010","article-title":"Policing is a public health issue: the important role of health educators","volume":"48","author":"Fleming","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav. : The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education"},{"issue":"10307","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01609-3","article-title":"Fatal police violence by race and state in the USA, 1980\u20132019: a network meta-regression","volume":"398","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib18","series-title":"Understanding Denver's STAR Program: Alternative Crisis Response in Denver","author":"Gillespie","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib19","series-title":"Community Responder Program","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib20","article-title":"Defund the Police\u2014Invest in community care: a guide to alternative mental health responses","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interrupting Criminilization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib21","unstructured":"Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha, L. (n.d.). A not-so-brief personal history of the healing justice movement, 2010\u20132016. MICE Magazine. Retrieved January 23, 2026, from https:\/\/micemagazine.ca\/issue-two\/not-so-brief-personal-history-healing-mjustice-movement-2010%E2%80%932016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib22","series-title":"Planning, Implementing & Evaluating Health Promotion Programs: a Primer","article-title":"Chapter 12\u2014Implementation: strategies and associated concerns","author":"McKenzie","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7189(98)00042-1","article-title":"Logic models: a tool for telling your programs performance story","volume":"22","author":"McLaughlin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eval. Progr. Plann."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib24","series-title":"Anti Police-Terror Project","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7189(00)00048-3","article-title":"Logic models: a systems tool for performance management","volume":"24","author":"Millar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eval. Progr. Plann."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.4770180411","article-title":"Qualitative analysis: what it is and how to begin","volume":"18","author":"Sandelowski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Res. Nurs. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8","article-title":"Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization","volume":"52","author":"Saunders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Qual. Quantity"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1080\/01419870.2020.1781913","article-title":"Illness spillovers of lethal police violence: the significance of gendered marginalization","volume":"44","author":"Sewell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ethn. Racial Stud."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-015-0016-7","article-title":"Collateral damage: the health effects of invasive police encounters in New York City","volume":"93","author":"Sewell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.307107","article-title":"Police violence: reducing the harms of policing through public health\u2013informed alternative response programs","volume":"113","author":"Spolum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib32","series-title":"Interpretive Description: Qualitative Research for Applied Practice","author":"Thorne","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-240X(199704)20:2<169::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Interpretive description: a noncategorical qualitative alternative for developing nursing knowledge","volume":"20","author":"Thorne","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res. Nurs. Health"}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626003497?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626003497?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T16:19:51Z","timestamp":1785255591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953626003497"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S0277953626003497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A logic model for alternative response programs to guide public health research and practice","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119273","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119273"}}