{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:18:11Z","timestamp":1792682291522,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001721","name":"University of Groningen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001721","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T07:33:13Z","timestamp":1779780793000},"page":"119440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Accountability-embracing science communication increases public engagement with scientists post-COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"404","author":[{"given":"Maja","family":"Graso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6753-2592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyriaki","family":"Fousiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cory","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan Xuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2108576118","article-title":"Trust in scientists in times of pandemic: panel evidence from 12 countries","volume":"118","author":"Algan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1080\/10570319109374395","article-title":"Meta\u2010analysis comparing the persuasiveness of one\u2010sided and two\u2010sided messages","volume":"55","author":"Allen","year":"1991","journal-title":"West. J. Speech Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib4","article-title":"Vaccinating people who have had Covid-19: why doesn't natural immunity count in the US?","volume":"n2101","author":"Block","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.001","article-title":"Balance as bias: global warming and the US prestige press","volume":"14","author":"Boykoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib6","article-title":"Pandemic deemed 'over\u2019 by 59%, yet future health crisis feared","author":"Brenan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gallup"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.1988.9713752","article-title":"Receivers' self-acceptance and the effectiveness of two-sided messages","volume":"128","author":"Chebat","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030398","article-title":"Two ways to the top: evidence that dominance and prestige are distinct yet viable avenues to social rank and influence","volume":"104","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Personality Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib9","series-title":"Are We all Scientific Experts Now?","author":"Collins","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib10","series-title":"Rethinking Expertise","author":"Collins","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-02090-5","article-title":"Trust in scientists and their role in society across 68 countries","author":"Cologna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib12","series-title":"Ongoing Crisis Communication: Planning, Managing, and Responding","author":"Coombs","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib13","series-title":"Misinformation, Disinformation, and Propaganda: Fake News Infographic","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1086\/209370","article-title":"An integrative framework for understanding two-sided persuasion","volume":"20","author":"Crowley","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Consum. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617746796","article-title":"At least bias is bipartisan: a meta-analytic comparison of partisan bias in liberals and conservatives","volume":"14","author":"Ditto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12568","article-title":"Understanding conspiracy theories","volume":"40","author":"Douglas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polit. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2005.11.001","article-title":"Two-sided advertising: a meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Eisend","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Market."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000286","article-title":"Political differences in free will beliefs are associated with differences in moralization","volume":"120","author":"Everett","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Personality Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2002387","article-title":"COVID-19 \u2014 navigating the uncharted","volume":"382","author":"Fauci","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib20","series-title":"The Handbook of Crisis Communication","first-page":"221","article-title":"Crisis response effectiveness: methodological considerations for advancement in empirical investigation into response impact","author":"Fediuk","year":"2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2307\/2095325","article-title":"Boundary work and the demarcation of science from non-science: strains and interests in professional ideologies of scientists","volume":"48","author":"Gieryn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib22","series-title":"Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line","author":"Gieryn","year":"1999"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/03080188.2022.2152243","article-title":"Public trust in science","volume":"48","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00977-7","article-title":"Partisan differences in physical distancing are linked to health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"4","author":"Gollwitzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111594","article-title":"The dark side of belief in Covid-19 scientists and scientific evidence","volume":"193","author":"Graso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pers. Indiv. Differ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662514559891","article-title":"Contesting epistemic authority: conspiracy theories on the boundaries of science","volume":"24","author":"Harambam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Publ. Understand. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2022.2111638","article-title":"Balance as credibility? How presenting one- vs. two-sided messages affects ratings of scientists' and politicians' trustworthiness","volume":"38","author":"Hendriks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib28","series-title":"The Deadly Rise of Anti-science","author":"Hotez","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib29","series-title":"Experiments on Mass Communication","author":"Hovland","year":"1953"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01258-7","article-title":"Conspiracy mentality and political orientation across 26 countries","volume":"6","author":"Imhoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib31","series-title":"Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States","author":"Jasanoff","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib32","author":"Jones"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib33","series-title":"Thinking, Fast and Slow","author":"Kahneman","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib34","series-title":"Americans' confidence in Scientists","author":"Kennedy","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib35","first-page":"485","article-title":"Message sidedness at the brand and product form levels: overcoming the shortcomings of two-sided messages","volume":"26","author":"Lang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Consum. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib36","series-title":"Fact Check: Four Times Walensky's Comments were out of Step with CDC Guidance","author":"Lybrand","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib38","first-page":"209","article-title":"How to handle opposing arguments in persuasive messages: a meta-analytic review of the effects of one-sided and two-sided messages","volume":"22","author":"O'Keefe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Commun. Yearbk."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/1075547008329201","article-title":"Fear won't do it","volume":"30","author":"O'Neill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Commun."},{"issue":"8083","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-025-03151-z","article-title":"Public trust in science has declined since COVID \u2014 virologists need to unite around safety standards","volume":"646","author":"Ott","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118272","article-title":"Misinformation, trust, and health: the case for information environment as a major independent social determinant of health","volume":"381","author":"Palmer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/23808985.2022.2085136","article-title":"Communicating uncertainty to the public during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review of the literature","volume":"46","author":"Ratcliff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annals of the International Communication Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113356","article-title":"Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S","volume":"263","author":"Romer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib44","series-title":"How Misinformation is Distorting COVID Policies and Behaviors","author":"Rothwell","year":"2020"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2008.36.10.1315","article-title":"Persuasion and relational versus personal bases of self-esteem: does the message need to be one- or two-sided?","volume":"36","author":"Sanaktek\u0131n","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Behav. Personal. Int. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5771\/2192-4007-2021-1-48","article-title":"Two sides of the same coin? The persuasiveness of one-sided vs. two-sided narratives in the context of radicalization prevention","volume":"10","author":"Schmitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Studies in Communication and Media"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2025.2593457","article-title":"Introduction to the special issue: WHO risk communication and community engagement lessons learned from COVID-19","volume":"41","author":"Seeger","year":"2026","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.03.009","article-title":"Misinformation as a misunderstood challenge to public health","volume":"57","author":"Southwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116108","article-title":"Defining focused ethnography: disciplinary boundary work and the imagined divisions between \u2018focused\u2019 and \u2018traditional\u2019 ethnography in health research \u2013 a critical review","volume":"332","author":"Trundle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib51","series-title":"5 Years Later: America Looks Back at the Impact of COVID-19","author":"Tyson","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib50","series-title":"Public Trust in Scientists and Views on Their Role in Policymaking","author":"Tyson","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib52","series-title":"Handbook of Risk and Crisis Communication","first-page":"493","article-title":"Post-crisis communication and renewal: understanding the potential for positive outcomes in crisis communication","author":"Ulmer","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib53","first-page":"624","article-title":"The costs of polarizing a pandemic: antecedents, consequences, and lessons","author":"Van Bavel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-015-9428-3","article-title":"Organizational conspiracy beliefs: implications for leadership styles and employee outcomes","volume":"31","author":"van Prooijen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bus. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib55","series-title":"Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib56","series-title":"Disinformation and Public Health","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.115863","article-title":"Promoting COVID-19 vaccine confidence through public responses to misinformation: the joint influence of message source and message content","volume":"324","author":"Wood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-6625\/1\/3\/004","article-title":"Misunderstood misunderstanding: social identities and public uptake of science","volume":"1","author":"Wynne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Publ. Understand. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/23794607251382992","article-title":"Using two-sided messages to combat misinformation: an overview","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behavioral Science & Policy"}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626005162?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626005162?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T20:31:28Z","timestamp":1787949088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953626005162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["S0277953626005162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Accountability-embracing science communication increases public engagement with scientists post-COVID-19","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119440","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119440"}}