{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:18:46Z","timestamp":1787951926910,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG056360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG056360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:47:28Z","timestamp":1780616848000},"page":"119475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Examining associations between school suspension and expulsion in early life and later-life cognitive health: A mediation analysis of lifecourse educational pathways"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"404","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7803-1008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine dP.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aayush","family":"Khadka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Ahern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9481-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Manly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene H.","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9848-934X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison K.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anusha M.","family":"Vable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab239","article-title":"Measuring structural racism: a guide for epidemiologists and other health researchers","volume":"191","author":"Adkins-Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/0042085916646610","article-title":"Black girls and school discipline: the complexities of being overrepresented and understudied","volume":"54","author":"Annamma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Educ."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17345","article-title":"Impact of dementia: health disparities, population trends, care interventions, and economic costs","volume":"69","author":"Aranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib4","article-title":"A life course approach to dementia prevention","volume":"1","author":"Cadar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aging Geriatr. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532480XADS0601_05","article-title":"Early childhood education: young adult outcomes from the abecedarian project","volume":"6","author":"Campbell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Dev. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4028","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13067","article-title":"Pragmatic approaches to handling practice effects in longitudinal cognitive aging research","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01425-4","article-title":"Estimating the natural indirect effect and the mediation proportion via the product method","volume":"21","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5328","article-title":"Early parental death and psychosocial risk factors for dementia: a case\u2013control study in Europe","volume":"35","author":"Conde-Sala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205012666150324181327","article-title":"Childhood and adulthood rural residence increases the risk of dementia: NEDICES study","volume":"12","author":"Contador","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12114-001-1008-2","article-title":"Cognitive skills, test scores, and social stratification: the role of family and school-level resources on racial\/ethnic differences in scores on standardized tests (Afqt)","volume":"28","author":"Cordero-Guzm\u00e1n","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Black Polit. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbad088","article-title":"Education, social engagement, and cognitive function: a cross-lagged panel analysis","volume":"78","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gerontol.: Series B"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000679","article-title":"Early-life exposure to punitive school discipline and midlife cognitive outcomes: 1979 national longitudinal survey of youth Cohort findings","volume":"39","author":"Duarte","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14922","article-title":"Punitive school discipline as a mechanism of structural marginalization with implications for health inequity: a systematic review of quantitative studies in the health and social sciences literature","volume":"1519","author":"Duarte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab249","article-title":"Lifecourse educational trajectories and hypertension in midlife: an application of sequence analysis","volume":"77","author":"Duarte","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gerontol.: Series A"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib12","first-page":"S43","article-title":"Policy determinants of inequitable exposure to the criminal legal system and their health consequences among young people","volume":"110","author":"Duarte","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJPH (Am. J. Public Health)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.22565","article-title":"The price of punishment: days missed due to suspension in U.S. K-12 public schools","volume":"58","author":"Fabes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Sch."},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib201","first-page":"1","article-title":"Do early educators\u2019 implicit biases regarding sex and race relate to behavior expectations and recommendations of preschool expulsions and suspensions","volume":"9","author":"Gilliam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Yale University Child Study Center"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-008-9064-z","article-title":"Lifecourse social conditions and racial and ethnic patterns of cognitive aging","volume":"18","author":"Glymour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib19","series-title":"Trend Analysis: State Legislation Expanding the Use of Exclusionary School Discipline (ESD): Center on Racial and Economic Justice","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib18","first-page":"11","article-title":"Education equity and brown: reform, retrenchment, and exclusionary school discipline","volume":"16","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geo JL Mod. Critical. Race Persp."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa062","article-title":"Life course pathways from childhood socioeconomic status to later-life cognition: evidence from the Wisconsin longitudinal study","volume":"76","author":"Greenfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol.: Series B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105008","article-title":"Adverse childhood events and cognitive function among young adults: prospective results from the national longitudinal study of adolescent to adult health","volume":"115","author":"Hawkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220000447","article-title":"Predictors of attrition in a longitudinal population-based study of aging","volume":"33","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-068466","article-title":"School suspension and expulsion: policy statement","volume":"154","author":"Jain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.2.256","article-title":"Childhood socioeconomic position and cognitive function in adulthood","volume":"30","author":"Kaplan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/016146811611800106","article-title":"Listening to \u201cfrequent flyers\u201d: what persistently disciplined students have to say about being labeled as \u201cbad\u201d","volume":"118","author":"Kennedy-Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Teach. Coll. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.117798","article-title":"20-year income volatility and cognitive function in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) cohort: A replication and extension of CARDIA findings","volume":"368","author":"Kezios","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib27","first-page":"597","article-title":"Dementia in the USA: state variation in prevalence","volume":"37","author":"Koller","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1473225414540556","article-title":"School punishment in the US and England: divergent frames and responses","volume":"15","author":"Kupchik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Youth Justice"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.6807","article-title":"A comparison of the prevalence of dementia in the United States in 2000 and 2012","volume":"177","author":"Langa","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2010.01.005","article-title":"Techniques for handling missing data in secondary analyses of large surveys","volume":"10","author":"Langkamp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acad. Pediatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2792","article-title":"Conceptualizing, contextualizing, and operationalizing race in quantitative health sciences research","volume":"20","author":"Lett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100620920576","article-title":"Education and cognitive functioning across the life span","volume":"21","author":"L\u00f6vd\u00e9n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci. Publ. Interest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-015-0397-1","article-title":"The school-to-prison pipeline: a critical review of the punitive paradigm shift","volume":"33","author":"Mallett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Soc. Work. J."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.3543","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in the US: the 2016 health and retirement study harmonized cognitive assessment protocol project","volume":"79","author":"Manly","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz047","article-title":"Invited commentary: examining sex\/gender differences in risk of alzheimer disease and related dementias-challenges and future directions","volume":"188","author":"Mayeda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000001131","article-title":"Alzheimer disease","volume":"28","author":"McDade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/52B.1.S37","article-title":"Loss to Follow-up in a sample of Americans 70 years of age and older: the LSOA 1984\u20131990","volume":"52B","author":"Mihelic","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Gerontol.: Series B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib38","series-title":"Pushout: the Criminalization of Black Girls in Schools","author":"Morris","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu278","article-title":"Practical guidance for conducting mediation analysis with multiple mediators using inverse odds ratio weighting","volume":"181","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"10196","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31672-1","article-title":"Punitive social policy: an upstream determinant of health","volume":"394","author":"Nosrati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib41","unstructured":"Occupations and Occupational Prestige Indices. https:\/\/www.nlsinfo.org\/content\/cohorts\/older-and-young-men\/topical-guide\/employment\/occupations-and-occupational-prestige (accessed July 10 2023) ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615570365","article-title":"Two strikes:race and the disciplining of young students","volume":"26","author":"Okonofua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaf065","article-title":"Using sequence and cluster analysis to characterize variables that unfold over time: implementation and practical considerations for epidemiologists","volume":"195","author":"Pacca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib43","series-title":"WHO Thematic Briefing","article-title":"The epidemiology and impact of dementia: Current state and future trends","author":"Prince","year":"2015"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12362","article-title":"Population estimate of people with clinical alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment in the United States (2020\u20132060)","volume":"17","author":"Rajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X17752208","article-title":"Educational and criminal justice outcomes 12 years after school suspension","volume":"52","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Youth Soc."},{"issue":"434","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476908","article-title":"Multiple imputation after 18+ years","volume":"91","author":"Rubin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1","article-title":"Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies","volume":"20","author":"Schisterman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7654","article-title":"Bootstrap inference when using multiple imputation","volume":"37","author":"Schomaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib50","series-title":"Are Zero Tolerance Policies Effective in the Schools? an Evidentiary Review and Recommendations an Official Report of the","author":"Skiba","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib49","first-page":"4","article-title":"From reaction to prevention: turning the page on school discipline","volume":"39","author":"Skiba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib51","series-title":"Disproportionate Impact of K-12 School Suspension and Expulsion on Black Students in Southern States","author":"Smith","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13475","article-title":"Timing and level of educational attainment and late\u2010life cognition in the KHANDLE study","volume":"20","author":"Soh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-015-0407-0","article-title":"Education and lifetime earnings in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Tamborini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4567","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5864","article-title":"Inverse odds ratio-weighted estimation for causal mediation analysis","volume":"32","author":"Tchetgen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000519","article-title":"Postsecondary education and late-life cognitive outcomes among black and white participants in the project talent aging study: can early-life cognitive skills account for educational differences in late-life cognition?","volume":"36","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.14016","article-title":"Using network analysis to validate domains of the modified telephone interview for cognitive status","volume":"53","author":"Truong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab092","article-title":"Code review as a simple trick to enhance reproducibility, accelerate learning, and improve the quality of your team's research","volume":"190","author":"Vable","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding the benefits of different types and timing of education for mental health: a sequence analysis approach","volume":"79","author":"Vable","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gerontol.: Series B"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa150","article-title":"Does the type and timing of educational attainment influence physical health? A novel application of sequence analysis","volume":"189","author":"Vable","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib61","first-page":"557","article-title":"Effects of timing and level of degree attained on depressive symptoms and self-rated health at midlife","volume":"102","author":"Walsemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJPH (Am. J. Public Health)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764213487346","article-title":"Educational attainment in the context of social inequality:new directions for research on education and health","volume":"57","author":"Walsemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.09.031","article-title":"Caste and control in schools: a systematic review of the pathways, rates and correlates of exclusion due to school discipline","volume":"94","author":"Welsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626005514?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626005514?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T20:36:22Z","timestamp":1787949382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953626005514"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["S0277953626005514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Examining associations between school suspension and expulsion in early life and later-life cognitive health: A mediation analysis of lifecourse educational pathways","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119475","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119475"}}