{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:18:26Z","timestamp":1787951906577,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013071","name":"Major Program of National Fund of Philosophy and Social Science of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:03:30Z","timestamp":1781107410000},"page":"119494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Voluntary micronutrient interventions save lives: Evidence from China's free folic acid supplementation policy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"404","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5622-9555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20171164","article-title":"Childhood Circumstances and Adult outcomes: act II","volume":"56","author":"Almond","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Econ. Lit."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1086\/700766","article-title":"Watersheds in child mortality: the role of effective water and sewerage infrastructure, 1880-1920","volume":"127","author":"Alsan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20200956","article-title":"From fog to smog: the value of pollution information","volume":"114","author":"Barwick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199911113412001","article-title":"Prevention of neural-tube defects with folic acid in China","volume":"341","author":"Berry","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdae007","article-title":"Revisiting event-study designs: robust and efficient estimation","volume":"91","author":"Borusyak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12936","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1300018110","article-title":"Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China's Huai River Policy","volume":"110","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib7","series-title":"Atlas of Birth Defects in China","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib8","series-title":"National Disease Surveillance System Mortality Surveillance Data Set, 2008","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3030370","article-title":"Folic acid food fortification\u2014Its history, effect, concerns, and future directions","volume":"3","author":"Crider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.3.435","article-title":"Superfund cleanups and infant health","volume":"101","author":"Currie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1086\/262059","article-title":"Saving babies: the efficacy and cost of recent changes in the Medicaid eligibility of pregnant women","volume":"104","author":"Currie","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199212243272602","article-title":"Prevention of the first occurrence of neural-tube defects by preconception vitamin supplementation","volume":"327","author":"Czeizel","year":"1992","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20181169","article-title":"Two-Way fixed effects estimators with heterogeneous treatment effects","volume":"110","author":"De Chaisemartin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10384","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616784114","article-title":"New evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China's Huai River Policy","volume":"114","author":"Ebenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1086\/695528","article-title":"Public insurance and mortality: evidence from Medicaid implementation","volume":"126","author":"Goodman-Bacon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2023.104999","article-title":"The Largest Insurance Program in history: saving one million lives per year in China","volume":"226","author":"Gruber","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Publ. Econ."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20230008","article-title":"The gift of a lifetime: the hospital, modern medicine, and mortality","volume":"114","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jce.2019.08.007","article-title":"Farewell to the God of Plague: estimating the effects of China's universal salt iodization on educational outcomes","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comp. Econ."},{"issue":"662","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/ueae015","article-title":"Immigration and the Short- and long-term impact of improved prenatal conditions","volume":"134","author":"Lavy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20248","article-title":"Extremely high prevalence of neural tube defects in a 4-County area in Shanxi Province, China","volume":"76","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"issue":"9859","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib22","series-title":"China Birth Defects Prevention and Control Report","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib23","series-title":"China Health Statistics Yearbook 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib24","series-title":"National Maternal and Child Health Surveillance and Annual Reporting Newsletter, Issue 6, Serial No. 104. National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance and National Office for Maternal and Child Health Annual Reporting","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193127","article-title":"Neural tube defects: sex ratio changes after fortification with folic acid","volume":"13","author":"Poletta","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-018-00454-3","article-title":"Real-world cost effectiveness of mandatory folic acid fortification of bread-making flour in Australia","volume":"17","author":"Saing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Health Econ. Health Pol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.09.006","article-title":"Estimating dynamic treatment effects in event studies with heterogeneous treatment effects","volume":"225","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Econom."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509288994","article-title":"Preconception folic acid supplementation, fetal growth and the risks of low birth weight and preterm birth: the generation R Study","volume":"102","author":"Timmermans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.05.023","article-title":"Folic acid supplementation during the preconception period: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Toivonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1017\/bca.2017.12","article-title":"Income elasticities and global values of a statistical life","volume":"8","author":"Viscusi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Benefit-Cost Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494_bib31","series-title":"Birth Defects","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626005708?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626005708?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T20:33:54Z","timestamp":1787949234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953626005708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S0277953626005708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Voluntary micronutrient interventions save lives: Evidence from China's free folic acid supplementation policy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119494","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119494"}}