{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:18:09Z","timestamp":1787951889941,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T17:51:43Z","timestamp":1781459503000},"page":"119505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Race and gender disparities in mental health documentation in primary care: Findings from a video vignette experiment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"404","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7232-3832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima G.","family":"Fairfax","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius M.","family":"Wilder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib1","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","first-page":"7","article-title":"Write it like you see it: detectable differences in clinical notes by race lead to differential model recommendations","author":"Adam","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib2","series-title":"Nursing Workforce Fact Sheet","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib3","series-title":"AMA STEPS Forward: Clinical Vignette Packet","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib4","article-title":"Identifying bias at Scale in clinical notes using large Language models","volume":"3","author":"Apakama","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc.: Digit. Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06682-z","article-title":"Testimonial injustice: linguistic bias in the medical records of Black patients and women","volume":"36","author":"Beach","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfm006","article-title":"Research synthesis: the practice of cognitive interviewing","volume":"71","author":"Beatty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Opin. Q."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2000.12088.x","article-title":"Who is at risk of nondetection of mental health problems in primary care?","volume":"15","author":"Borowsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988315623993","article-title":"Gendered manifestations of depression and help seeking among men","volume":"12","author":"Call","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Mens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/65454","article-title":"Classifying unstructured text in electronic health records for mental health prediction models: Large Language model evaluation study","volume":"13","author":"Cardamone","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Med. Inform."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000128","article-title":"Differences in the expression of symptoms in men versus women with depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib12","series-title":"Protecting the Nation's Mental Health","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib13","series-title":"National Diabetes Statistics Report","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib14","author":"Collier"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117435","article-title":"Healthcare providers' psychological investment in clinical recommendations: investigating the role of implicit racial attitudes","volume":"362","author":"Duffy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/2156869312474828","article-title":"Gender differences in the determinants of distress, alcohol misuse, and related psychiatric disorders","volume":"3","author":"Elliott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Ment. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-01949-9","article-title":"Years of life lost due to deaths of despair and COVID-19 in the United States in 2020: patterns of excess mortality by gender, race and ethnicity","volume":"22","author":"Entrup","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Equity Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib20","series-title":"AI Scribes save 15,000 hours\u2014And Restore the Human Side of Medicine","author":"Feldheim","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05232-5","article-title":"Medical educators' perceptions of race in clinical practice","volume":"24","author":"Futterman","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.011","article-title":"Sleep as a vital sign: why medical practitioners need to routinely ask their patients about sleep","volume":"1","author":"Grandner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2025.01.030","article-title":"Bridging the gap: time to integrate sex and gender differences into research and clinical practice for improved health outcomes","volume":"134","author":"Gualtierotti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07609-y","article-title":"How to reduce stigma and bias in clinical communication: a narrative review","volume":"37","author":"Healy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-025-02546-y","article-title":"A review of reviews assessing patient\u2013provider racial and ethnic concordance in mental health","author":"Jackson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Racial Ethn. Health Dispar."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117162","article-title":"The last word: An analysis of power dynamics in clinical notes documenting against-medical-advice discharges","volume":"357","author":"Kelly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.38550","article-title":"Race and ethnicity and clinician linguistic expressions of doubt in Hospital admission notes","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib28","series-title":"Nvivo (Version 14.24.3)","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s44184-024-00114-6","article-title":"Decoding substance use disorder severity from clinical notes using a large language model","volume":"4","author":"Mahbub","year":"2025","journal-title":"Npj Mental Health Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.05.009","article-title":"A decade of studying implicit racial\/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test","volume":"199","author":"Maina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fine-tuning LLMs in behavioral psychology for scalable health coaching","volume":"2","author":"Mantena","year":"2025","journal-title":"Npj Cardiovascular Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac157","article-title":"Gender and ethnicity bias in medicine: a text analysis of 1.8 million critical care records","volume":"1","author":"Markowitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib33","series-title":"Just Medicine: a Cure for Racial Inequality in American Health Care (Paperback Edition, with a New Preface)","author":"Matthew","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.04.014","article-title":"Estimating depression severity in narrative clinical notes using large language models","volume":"381","author":"McCoy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib35","article-title":"Artificial intelligence scribe and large Language model technology in healthcare documentation: advantages, limitations, and recommendations","volume":"13","author":"Mess","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plastic Reconstr. Surg., Glob. Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12261","article-title":"Disparities in assessment, treatment, and recommendations for specialty mental health care: patient reports of medical provider behavior","volume":"50","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Serv. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050586","article-title":"Association between sleep quality and mental health among patients at a Post-COVID-19 recovery Clinic","volume":"12","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.20220365","article-title":"Racial-Ethnic disparities in outpatient mental health care in the United States","volume":"74","author":"Olfson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib41","series-title":"Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Mental Health Care: Findings from the KFF Survey of Racism","author":"Panchal","year":"2024"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.17052","article-title":"Physician use of stigmatizing Language in patient medical records","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2019.08.001","article-title":"Mental health delivery in primary care: the perspectives of primary care providers","volume":"33","author":"Poghosyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15735","article-title":"Associations of common mental disorder with alcohol use in the adult general population: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"117","author":"Puddephatt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib45","series-title":"R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109150","article-title":"Alcohol and other substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review","volume":"229","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1200\/CCI.22.00155","article-title":"Unstructured data are superior to structured data for eliciting quantitative smoking history from the electronic health record","author":"Ruckdeschel","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2022.2138406","article-title":"Implementing the evidence: routine screening for depression and anxiety in primary care","volume":"72","author":"Salinas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib49","series-title":"A Look at the Latest Suicide Data and Change over the Last Decade","author":"Saunders","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101556","article-title":"Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"60","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.115837","article-title":"Erasing inequality: Examining discrepancies between electronic health records and patient narratives to uncover perceived stigma and dismissal in clinical encounters","volume":"323","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01423","article-title":"Negative Patient descriptors: documenting racial Bias in the Electronic Health Record: study examines racial bias in the patient descriptors used in the electronic health record","volume":"41","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02737-3","article-title":"The clinical relevance of early identification and treatment of sleep disorders in mental health care: protocol of a randomized control trial","volume":"20","author":"Ter Heege","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"569","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Beyond human ears: navigating the uncharted risks of AI scribes in clinical practice","volume":"8","author":"Topaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.14459","article-title":"Patient\u2013Provider race concordance and primary care suicide risk screening in the Veterans health administration","volume":"60","author":"Tran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib56","series-title":"The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Implement the National Strategy for Suicide Prevention","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/2156869318811435","article-title":"Beyond symptoms: race and gender predict anxiety disorder diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Vanderminden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Ment. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-052620-103528","article-title":"Eliminating explicit and implicit biases in health care: evidence and research needs","volume":"43","author":"Vela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2004740","article-title":"Hidden in Plain Sight\u2014reconsidering the use of race correction in clinical algorithms","volume":"383","author":"Vyas","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjmad.2025.100152","article-title":"Gender differences in symptom profiles of individuals being treated for mood disorders","volume":"12","author":"Weiss","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Mood & Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/LVT.0000000000000526","article-title":"Race-neutral measures as an equitable path forward","volume":"31","author":"Wilder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.6041","article-title":"Widening gender gap in life expectancy in the US, 2010-2021","volume":"184","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab076","article-title":"Are Recent cohorts getting worse? Trends in US adult physiological status, mental health, and health behaviors across a century of birth cohorts","volume":"190","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626005812?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626005812?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T20:32:10Z","timestamp":1787949130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953626005812"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S0277953626005812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Race and gender disparities in mental health documentation in primary care: Findings from a video vignette experiment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119505","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119505"}}