{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:17:52Z","timestamp":1787951872786,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001839","name":"University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T23:59:58Z","timestamp":1781827198000},"page":"119516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Quantifying noise complaint intensity via multi-LLM and revealing vertical greenery mitigation thresholds"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"404","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2059-4171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8602-9258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei-Po","family":"Kwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1145\/3224204","article-title":"Sonyc: a system for monitoring, analyzing, and mitigating urban noise pollution","volume":"62","author":"Bello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2020.107362","article-title":"Influence of traffic noise from local and surrounding areas on high-rise buildings","volume":"166","author":"Benocci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.104991","article-title":"Green space, air pollution, traffic noise and cardiometabolic health in adolescents: the PIAMA birth cohort","volume":"131","author":"Bloemsma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP898","article-title":"Race\/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, residential segregation, and spatial variation in noise exposure in the contiguous United States","volume":"125","author":"Casey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib5","series-title":"Proceedings of the 29th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV29)","article-title":"The development of noise mapping in Hong Kong","author":"Chan","year":"2023"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2025.2602536","article-title":"Spatiotemporal adaptive multiscale transformer for prediction","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib7","article-title":"Estimating urban noise levels from multi-scale and multi-spectral remote sensing imagery","volume":"143","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s44284-026-00404-4","article-title":"Thermal discomfort in urban underground metro systems","volume":"3","author":"Chinazzo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Cities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib9","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","first-page":"657","article-title":"Revisiting pre-trained models for Chinese natural language processing[C]","author":"Cui","year":"2020"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4134","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214134","article-title":"Road traffic noise exposure and depression\/anxiety: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Dzhambov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1177\/23998083231184254","article-title":"Is the noise still going on? Predicting repeat noise complaints with historical time course and random forest classifiers","volume":"51","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-024-00642-5","article-title":"Noise and mental health: evidence, mechanisms, and consequences","volume":"35","author":"Hahad","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib13","first-page":"148","article-title":"Transferred bias uncovers the balance between the development of physical and socioeconomic environments of cities","volume":"115","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2023.2274475","article-title":"Estimating urban noise along road network from street view imagery","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2024.112395","article-title":"No \u201ctrue\u201d greenery: deciphering the bias of satellite and street view imagery in urban greenery measurement","volume":"269","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2023.107338","article-title":"Estimates of population highly annoyed from transportation noise in the United States: an unfair share of the burden by race and ethnicity","volume":"104","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2024.107783","article-title":"How to enhance urban noise management: exploring the influencing factors of noise complaints at multiple scales integrating citizen perception","volume":"112","author":"Jiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2016.08.011","article-title":"Ten questions on the soundscapes of the built environment","volume":"108","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2018.01.018","article-title":"Subjective perception of noise exposure in relation to urban green space availability","volume":"31","author":"Koprowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2024.128286","article-title":"Landscape and soundscape quality promote stress recovery in nearby urban nature: a multisensory field experiment","volume":"95","author":"Korpilo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Develop a land use regression model to predict noise levels in the urban residential neighbourhood of Bhopal, India","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib22","article-title":"The impact of a low traffic neighbourhood intervention on urban noise measured with low-cost sensors in Oxford, UK","volume":"134","author":"Leach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Transport Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2025.103806","article-title":"Exploring sentiment dynamics and their driving factors in megacity residents' environmental complaints through deep learning and multimodal data","volume":"186","author":"Lian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116040","article-title":"Examining individual-level tri-exposure to greenspace and air\/noise pollution using individual-level GPS-based real-time sensing data","volume":"329","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118190","article-title":"How mobility-based exposure measures may mitigate the underestimation of the association between green space exposures and health","volume":"379","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2026.2617681","article-title":"The algorithmic and representational uncertainties in green space exposure measurement: conceptualizations and a suite of available methods for mobility-oriented studies","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib27","first-page":"1","article-title":"GeoAI enabled urban computing: status and challenges","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Gis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2025.113546","article-title":"Integrating LLMs and data-driven analytics to uncover nonlinear impacts of urban spatial patterns on noise complaints in complex terrain","volume":"285","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2023.128087","article-title":"High or low? Exploring the restorative effects of visual levels on campus spaces using machine learning and street view imagery","volume":"88","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2024.107504","article-title":"Construction of a large road infrastructure in a metropolitan area; what can the analysis of community complaints to noise tell us?","volume":"106","author":"Pinsonnault-Skvarenina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100655","article-title":"Concomitant exposure to air pollution, green space, and noise and risk of stroke: a cohort study from Denmark","volume":"31","author":"Poulsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet Regional Health\u2013Europe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-32079-7","article-title":"A zero-shot LLM framework for multimodal grievance classification, urgency scoring, and abuse detection in civic feedback systems","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102204","article-title":"Machine-based understanding of noise perception in urban environments using mobility-based sensing data","volume":"114","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2025.108100","article-title":"Exploring the influencing factors of noise complaints in New York City based on an interpretable machine learning model","volume":"116","author":"Song","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib35","article-title":"Environmental noise, air pollution, and momentary stress: a context-and mobility-based approach","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib36","article-title":"Growing disparities in transportation noise exposure across major US cities over time","volume":"136","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Transport Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106905","article-title":"Noise pollution and human cognition: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of recent evidence","volume":"158","author":"Thompson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib38","article-title":"Evaluation of road traffic noise exposure considering differential crowd characteristics","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Transport Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.123134","article-title":"Urban noise exposure assessment based on principal component analysis of points of interest","volume":"342","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib40","article-title":"Transforming noise control stations into soundscape resource monitoring networks: an adaptive location recommendation","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2023.2206168","article-title":"Health effects of transport noise","volume":"43","author":"Welch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2025.113332","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of neighborhood noise complaints and related factors: a case study in Beijing, China","volume":"282","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2025.104135","article-title":"A multi-agent LLM framework for severity classification of complaint events: probabilistic reasoning with scene uncertainty","volume":"69","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117411","article-title":"Assessing momentary stress responses to dynamic real-time greenspace exposure: unveiling algorithmic uncertainty and the temporality of exposure context","volume":"363","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2024.103213","article-title":"Dynamic greenspace exposure, individual mental health status and momentary stress level: a study using multiple greenspace measurements","volume":"86","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102401","article-title":"Multi-frequency street-level urban noise modeling and mapping through street view and remote sensing image fusion","volume":"126","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2024.103369","article-title":"Sensing noise exposure and its inequality based on noise complaint data through vision-language hybrid method","volume":"171","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2023.03.008","article-title":"Knowledge and topology: a two layer spatially dependent graph neural networks to identify urban functions with time-series street view image","volume":"198","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2026.105378","article-title":"Cross-city traffic noise modeling and inequality analysis via AlphaEarth Geospatial Foundation Models","volume":"156","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib50","article-title":"Migratable urban street scene sensing method based on vision language pre-trained model","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2025.07.016","article-title":"Considering human mobility is essential for accurate environmental exposure assessment","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119499","article-title":"How mobility pattern shapes the association between static green space and dynamic green space exposure","volume":"258","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626005927?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626005927?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T20:29:54Z","timestamp":1787948994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953626005927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0277953626005927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Quantifying noise complaint intensity via multi-LLM and revealing vertical greenery mitigation thresholds","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119516","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119516"}}