{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:24:04Z","timestamp":1787790244806,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009223","name":"Lankelly Chase Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009223","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"UK Research and Innovation Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T15:36:23Z","timestamp":1783956983000},"page":"119592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Racism, mortification and carcerality: Three concepts needed to understand the experiences of racially minoritised people diagnosed with severe mental illness"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"405","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4007-1981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dharmi","family":"Kapadia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0727-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Haarmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3532-1854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Grant-Rowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1473-5721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0858-2837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Motala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6744-2207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Nazroo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Osahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2007.01051.x","article-title":"Locating ethnicity and health: exploring concepts and contexts","volume":"29","author":"Ahmad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib2","article-title":"Racism seems to be the hardest word: how racialised workers make sense of racial inequalities in creative and cultural industries","author":"Ali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004139","article-title":"Understanding ethnic inequalities in mental healthcare in the UK: a meta-ethnography","volume":"19","author":"Bansal","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib4","series-title":"Decarcerating Disability: Deinstitutionalization and Prison Abolition","author":"Ben-Moshe","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib5","series-title":"Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America","author":"Bonilla-Silva","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.048","article-title":"Exploring stigmatisation among people diagnosed with either bipolar disorder or borderline personality disorder: a critical realist analysis","volume":"123","author":"Bonnington","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1080\/14780887.2020.1769238","article-title":"One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis?","volume":"18","author":"Braun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122414530398","article-title":"Surveillance and system avoidance: criminal justice contact and institutional attachment","volume":"79","author":"Brayne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"issue":"9878","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60107-5","article-title":"Community treatment orders for patients with psychosis (OCTET): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"381","author":"Burns","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"55","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethnic minority inequalities in access to treatments for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders: findings from a nationally representative cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Das-Munshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib11","series-title":"Institutional Racism in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology: Race Matters in Mental Health","author":"Fernando","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib12","series-title":"Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison","author":"Foucault","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib13","series-title":"Madness and Civilization: a History of Insanity in the Age of Reason","author":"Foucault","year":"1989"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib14","first-page":"71","article-title":"Racist hate crime and the mortified self: an ethnographic study of the impact of victimization","volume":"21","author":"Funnell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Vict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib15","series-title":"The Sage Handbook of Action Research: Participative Inquiry and Practice","article-title":"Power and knowledge","author":"Gaventa","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib16","series-title":"Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates","author":"Goffman","year":"1961"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2012.09.012","article-title":"Erving Goffman and the total institution","volume":"33","author":"Goodman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13517","article-title":"The practice of participatory action Research: Complicity, power and prestige in dialogue with the \u2018racialised mad.\u2019","volume":"44","author":"Haarmans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illness"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1201-9","article-title":"Ethnic inequalities and pathways to care in psychosis in England: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Halvorsrud","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.8.1212","article-title":"Levels of racism: a theoretic framework and a gardener's tale","volume":"90","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13615","article-title":"Stigma, mental illness & ethnicity: time to centre racism and structural stigma","volume":"45","author":"Kapadia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib22","series-title":"Ethnic Inequalities in Healthcare: a Rapid Review","author":"Kapadia","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib23","series-title":"The Routledge International Handbook of Mad Studies (Issue 2018","first-page":"217","article-title":"Imagining non-carceral futures with(in) mad studies","author":"Karanikolas","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mapping the psychiatric circuit: mental health law and psychiatric carcerality in the \u2018post-institutional\u2019 era","volume":"6","author":"Karanikolas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Incarceration: An International Journal of Imprisonment, Detention and Coercive Confinement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/socpro\/spaf006","article-title":"Introduction to the special issue: racism of omission","volume":"72","author":"Kramer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soc. Probl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113981","article-title":"Navigating the mental health system: narratives of identity and recovery among people with psychosis across ethnic groups","volume":"279","author":"Lawrence","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmen.0000567","article-title":"Stigma, race, and testimonial injustice in mental health detention: professionals experience of compulsory assessment and treatment under the mental health act 1983","volume":"3","author":"Leah","year":"2026","journal-title":"PLOS Mental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib28","series-title":"Doing Participatory Research: a Feminist Approach","author":"Maguire","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-021-09316-5","article-title":"Lived experiences of racism among child welfare-involved parents","volume":"13","author":"Merritt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Race and Social Problems"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/0966369X.2012.759906","article-title":"Leaving behind the \u201ctotal institution\u201d? Teeth, transcarceral spaces and (re)inscription of the formerly incarcerated body","volume":"21","author":"Moran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gend. Place Cult."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1177\/0309132517710352","article-title":"Conceptualizing the carceral in carceral geography","volume":"42","author":"Moran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib32","first-page":"1","article-title":"How do minorities decide what is racist? Dealing with unease through interpretations and strategic action","volume":"9451","author":"Nadim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnic Migrat. Stud."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13001","article-title":"Where next for understanding race\/ethnic inequalities in severe mental illness? Structural, interpersonal and institutional racism","volume":"42","author":"Nazroo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib34","series-title":"Mental Health Act Statistics, Annual Figures, 2024-25","year":"2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12873","article-title":"The relationship between ethnic background and the use of restrictive practices to manage incidents of violence or aggression in psychiatric inpatient settings","volume":"30","author":"Payne-Gill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.11143\/fennia.88950","article-title":"Carceral riskscapes and working in the spaces of mental health care","volume":"198","author":"Repo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fennia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2024.186","article-title":"Prescribing of antipsychotics for people diagnosed with severe mental illness in UK primary care 2000\u20132019: 20-year investigation of who receives treatment, with which agents and at what doses","volume":"226","author":"Richards-Belle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1080\/17508487.2022.2153373","article-title":"Carceral logics and education","volume":"64","author":"Rudolph","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Stud. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib39","series-title":"Searching for a Rose Garden: Challenging Psychiatry, Fostering Mad Studies","author":"Russo","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib40","series-title":"The Routledge International Handbook of Penal Abolition","first-page":"217","article-title":"Barred by the maddening state: mental health and incarceration in the heterosexist, anti-Black, settler colonial carceral state","author":"Saisi","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.03.003","article-title":"Deaths of people with mental illness during interactions with law enforcement","volume":"58","author":"Saleh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Law Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib42","article-title":"Independent inquiry into the death of David Bennett","author":"Sallah","year":"2003","journal-title":"An Independent Inquiry set up under HSG(94)27"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib43","series-title":"Madness in Civilization: a Cultural History of Insanity, from the Bible to Freud, from the Madhouse to Modern Medicine","article-title":"Madness in civilization: a cultural history of insanity, from the Bible to Freud, from the Madhouse to modern medicine","author":"Scull","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.58544\/imsj.v4i1.8227","article-title":"The carceral geographies of the university","volume":"4","author":"Shanouda","year":"2026","journal-title":"International Mad Studies Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2021.21060558","article-title":"Dismantling structural racism in psychiatry: a path to mental health equity","volume":"178","author":"Shim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib46","series-title":"Taser and Social, Ethnic and Racial Disparities Research Programme","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib47","article-title":"Mental health patients \u2018raped and sexually assaulted\u2019 as NHS abuse scandal revealed","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Independent"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1080\/10705422.2024.2432586","article-title":"\u201cTo Me, it Kind of Felt Normal\u201d - defining the normalcy of carcerality with black men, boys, and youth workers","volume":"32","author":"Turner","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Community Pract."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303121","article-title":"Cumulative effect of racial discrimination on the mental health of ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom","volume":"106","author":"Wallace","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib50","series-title":"Qualitative Research Interviewing","author":"Wengraf","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13047","article-title":"Islamophobia in the National Health Service: an ethnography of institutional racism in PREVENT's counter\u2010radicalisation policy","volume":"42","author":"Younis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illness"}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626006684?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626006684?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:07:42Z","timestamp":1787789262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953626006684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0277953626006684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Racism, mortification and carcerality: Three concepts needed to understand the experiences of racially minoritised people diagnosed with severe mental illness","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119592","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119592"}}