{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:24:08Z","timestamp":1787790248955,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:03:16Z","timestamp":1784246596000},"page":"119600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Spirit of the Hawk: Colonial intensity and alcohol use disorders across 178 countries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"405","author":[{"given":"Milad","family":"Sharafi Zadegan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dritjon","family":"Gruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.91.5.1369","article-title":"The colonial origins of comparative development: an empirical investigation","volume":"91","author":"Acemoglu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib2","series-title":"Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models","author":"Anselin","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib3","series-title":"Introducing COLDAT: the Colonial Dates Dataset (SOCIUM\/SFB 1342 Working Paper No. 2\/2019)","author":"Becker","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib4","first-page":"18","article-title":"Wh\u0101nau-centred health and social service delivery in New Zealand: the challenges to, and opportunities for, innovation","volume":"2","author":"Boulton","year":"2013","journal-title":"MAI J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2011.628913","article-title":"Historical trauma among Indigenous peoples of the Americas: Concepts, research, and clinical considerations","volume":"43","author":"Brave Heart","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1071\/AH16149","article-title":"Contribution of Aboriginal community-controlled health services to improving Aboriginal health: an evidence review","volume":"42","author":"Campbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. Health Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib7","series-title":"CARICOM Ten-Point Plan for Reparatory Justice","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15030","article-title":"Effective alcohol policies are associated with reduced consumption among demographic groups who drink heavily","volume":"47","author":"Casswell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib9","series-title":"Colonial\/dependency contiguity data, 1816\u20132016","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109574","article-title":"The associations between traumatic experiences and subsequent onset of a substance use disorder: findings from the world health organization world mental health surveys","volume":"240","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0905-7","article-title":"Drinking to ease the burden: a cross-sectional study on trauma, alcohol abuse and psychopathology in a post-conflict context","volume":"16","author":"Ertl","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib12","series-title":"Patterns of Empire: the British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present","author":"Go","year":"2011"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461513487669","article-title":"Redressing first nations historical trauma: theorizing mechanisms for indigenous culture as mental health treatment","volume":"50","author":"Gone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transcult. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib14","series-title":"Exploring a Shared History of Colonization, Historical Trauma and Links to Alcohol Use with Native Hawaiians Living in Rural Hawai\u02bbI in the 21st Century","author":"Greywolf","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108302","article-title":"Quit playing games with our lives: layoffs predict road traffic fatalities","volume":"224","author":"Gruda","year":"2026","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2024.104465","article-title":"Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's the healthiest of them all \u2013 the surprising role of narcissism in state-level health outcomes","volume":"109","author":"Gruda","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib17","series-title":"Internal Colonialism: the Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536\u20131966","author":"Hechter","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib18","series-title":"Address of Little Turtle [Talk held with the chiefs of the Miamies, Pottawattoma and Weas]","author":"Jefferson","year":"1802"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib19","first-page":"30","article-title":"To use, or not to use the spatial Durbin model? \u2013 that is the question","volume":"19","author":"Koley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spat. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1086\/499510","article-title":"Colonialism and development: a comparative analysis of Spanish and British colonies","volume":"111","author":"Lange","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib21","series-title":"Introduction to Spatial Econometrics","author":"LeSage","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2018.07.010","article-title":"The enduring influence of institutions on universal health coverage: an empirical investigation of 62 former colonies","volume":"111","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2307\/1913646","article-title":"On the pooling of time series and cross section data","volume":"46","author":"Mundlak","year":"1978","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib24","series-title":"Ethnographic Atlas","author":"Murdock","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib25","series-title":"The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895\u20131945","year":"1984"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.1.139","article-title":"The long-term effects of Africa's slave trades","volume":"123","author":"Nunn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib27","series-title":"Public Health Expenditure as a Share of GDP \u2013 Lindert, OECD \u2013 Historical Data","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jce.2009.08.004","article-title":"On the democratic legacy of colonialism","volume":"37","author":"Olsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib29","article-title":"Colonialism: a theoretical overview","author":"Osterhammel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mark. Wien."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E305","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2022.305","article-title":"How is colonialism a sociostructural determinant of health in Puerto Rico?","volume":"24","author":"P\u00e9rez Ramos","year":"2022","journal-title":"AAMA J. Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib31","article-title":"Alcohol consumption","author":"Ritchie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Our World Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib32","article-title":"Cultural interventions to treat addictions in Indigenous populations: findings from a scoping study","volume":"9","author":"Rowan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse Treat. Prev. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib33","series-title":"Dealing with Alcohol: Indigenous Usage in Australia, New Zealand and Canada","author":"Saggers","year":"1998"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2610939123","article-title":"Extremism does not stop at borders, and neither should our models","volume":"123","author":"Sharafi Zadegan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v39.2.02","article-title":"The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder","volume":"39","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Curr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib36","series-title":"Indigenous Reconciliation in Contemporary Taiwan: from Stigma to Hope","first-page":"121","article-title":"Carrying historical trauma: alcohol use and healing among Indigenous communities in Taiwan","author":"Teyra","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.13523","article-title":"Identifying settler colonial determinants of Indigenous health within the United States: a discursive paper","volume":"42","author":"Thomas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib38","article-title":"Intergenerational residential school attendance and increased substance use among first nation adults living off-reserve: an analysis of the Aboriginal peoples survey 2017","volume":"10","author":"Toombs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X1100018X","article-title":"Bodies don't just tell stories, they tell histories: embodiment of historical trauma among American Indians and Alaska natives","volume":"8","author":"Walters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Du Bois Rev.: Soc. Sci. Res. Race."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240607100601","article-title":"From empire to nation-state: explaining wars in the modern world, 1816\u20132001","volume":"71","author":"Wimmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1137428","article-title":"Because its power remains naturalized: introducing the settler colonial determinants of health","volume":"11","author":"Wispelwey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib42","series-title":"The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Revised Methodology for Measuring Governance Using Perception Data","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600_bib43","series-title":"Global alcohol action plan 2022\u20132030","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626006763?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626006763?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:07:48Z","timestamp":1787789268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953626006763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0277953626006763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Spirit of the Hawk: Colonial intensity and alcohol use disorders across 178 countries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119600","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119600"}}