{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:56:51Z","timestamp":1790657811000,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,7,24]],"date-time":"2027-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1816387200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":296,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T15:02:07Z","timestamp":1784559727000},"page":"119622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Financial incentives and social messaging for repeat SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing among the underserved: A randomized trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"406","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3661-8745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason N.","family":"Doctor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara K.","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8773-487X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily P.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3978-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mika","family":"Kadono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajan","family":"Sonik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hochman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Sood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7223","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7223.1492","article-title":"Calculating the number needed to treat for trials where the outcome is time to an event","volume":"319","author":"Altman","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib2","first-page":"1264","article-title":"Anticipated regret and health behavior: a meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Brewer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Off. J. Div. Health Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib3","series-title":"Handbook of Family Therapy","first-page":"13","article-title":"The evolution of systems theory","author":"Carr","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib4","series-title":"Handbook of Family Therapy","first-page":"13","article-title":"The evolution of systems theory","author":"Carr","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.10.047","article-title":"Informative inducement: study payment as a signal of risk","volume":"70","author":"Cryder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/38339","article-title":"Investigating rewards and deposit contract financial incentives for physical activity behavior change using a smartphone app: randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"de Buisonj\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2022.102548","article-title":"Promoting healthy behavior through repeated deposit contracts: an intervention study","volume":"92","author":"Erev","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Econ. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib8","series-title":"The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making","first-page":"41","article-title":"Decision under risk: from the field to the laboratory and back","author":"Fox","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166-008-9041-1","article-title":"Myopic risk-seeking: the impact of narrow decision bracketing on lottery play","volume":"37","author":"Haisley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Risk Uncertain."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.588","article-title":"Subjective relative income and lottery ticket purchases","volume":"21","author":"Haisley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Behav. Decis. Making"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-01090-2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 SPIKE antibody levels can indicate immuno-resilience to re-infection: a real-world study","volume":"14","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2307\/1914185","article-title":"Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk","volume":"47","author":"Kahneman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Econometrica: J. Econom. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0182-160","article-title":"The psychology of preferences","volume":"246","author":"Kahneman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2004.07.004","article-title":"State lotteries and consumer behavior","volume":"89","author":"Kearney","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Publ. Econ."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2015.1062976","article-title":"Effects of framing health messages in terms of benefits to loved ones or others: an experimental study","volume":"31","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib16","first-page":"1133","article-title":"A model of reference-dependent preferences","volume":"121","author":"Koszegi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2012.1163","article-title":"Behavioral economics holds potential to deliver better results for patients, insurers, and employers","volume":"32","author":"Loewenstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-008-0739-1","article-title":"Patient opinions regarding \u201cpay for performance for patients.\u201d","volume":"23","author":"Long","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"368","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib19","article-title":"Regret theory: an alternative theory of rational choice under uncertainty","volume":"92","author":"Loomes","year":"1982","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/237946152100700104","article-title":"Combining a lottery incentive with protection against losing the lottery improves exercise adherence","volume":"7","author":"Meeker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Sci. Pol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib21","first-page":"122","article-title":"Use of insurance against a small loss as an incentive strategy","volume":"12","author":"Meeker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Decis. Anal. J. Inst. Operations Research and the Management Sciences"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12247575","article-title":"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing: role and indications","volume":"12","author":"Mink","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00964-9","article-title":"Learning from serosurveillance for SARS-CoV-2 to inform pandemic preparedness and response","volume":"402","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0046-6","article-title":"A note on obtaining correct marginal predictions from a random intercepts model for binary outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Pavlou","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.2307\/2998573","article-title":"The probability weighting function","volume":"66","author":"Prelec","year":"1998","journal-title":"Econometrica: J. Econom. Soc."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000660","article-title":"Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"75","author":"Prime","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00158","article-title":"Risk aversion and expected-utility theory: a calibration theorem","volume":"68","author":"Rabin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Econometrica: J. Econom. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kax009","article-title":"Enhancing health message framing with metaphor and cultural values: impact on latinas' cervical cancer screening","volume":"52","author":"Spina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med. : Publ. Soc. Behav. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib30","series-title":"Behavioral Economics Health. Health Behavior: Theory, Research, Practice","author":"Volpp","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.28.1.206","article-title":"P4P4P: an agenda for research on pay-for-performance for patients","volume":"28","author":"Volpp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib31","series-title":"Tests of Statistical Hypotheses Concerning Several Parameters when the Number of Observations is Large","author":"Wald","year":"1943"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/00913367.2017.1408507","article-title":"Saving behavior messaging: gain\/loss framing, self\/family orientations, and individual differences in collectivism","volume":"47","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Advert."}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626006994?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626006994?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:19:39Z","timestamp":1790655579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953626006994"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S0277953626006994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Financial incentives and social messaging for repeat SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing among the underserved: A randomized trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119622","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119622"}}