{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:44:21Z","timestamp":1792269861504,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Forschung Technologie und Raumfahrt Informationstechnikzentrum Bund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01UJ1911DY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01UJ1911DY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T15:06:47Z","timestamp":1784732807000},"page":"119628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Retrospectively appraised life changes since the German reunification and health: gender-differentiated indirect associations via psychosocial resources"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"407","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5900-5891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Hahm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6623-1958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Altweck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Bick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"B\u00fcll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4194-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silke","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4287-6799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah D.","family":"Nussmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8899-5476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"McLaren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9281-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Speerforck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6752-463X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Schomerus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1743-0042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manfred E.","family":"Beutel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2648-2728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmar","family":"Br\u00e4hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8048-5682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger","family":"Muehlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10324-8","article-title":"The interplay of gender, social context, and long-term unemployment effects on subjective health trajectories","volume":"21","author":"Altweck","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008703","article-title":"Changes of individual perception in psychosocial stressors related to German reunification in 1989\/1990 and cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases in a population-based study in East Germany","volume":"6","author":"Bohley","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.1.20","article-title":"Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?","volume":"59","author":"Bonanno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.01.022","article-title":"Long-lasting effects of affective disorders and childhood trauma on dispositional optimism","volume":"175","author":"Broekhof","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib5","series-title":"SF-36 Fragebogen Zum Gesundheitszustand-Handanweisung (SF-36 and SF-12 Test Manual)","author":"Bullinger","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-13-122","article-title":"Gender differences in the association of perceived social support and social network with self-rated health status among older adults: a population-based study in Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Caetano","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.01.006","article-title":"Optimism","volume":"30","author":"Carver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2011.562182","article-title":"Assessing social support and depressive symptoms in older Chinese adults: a longitudinal perspective","volume":"15","author":"Chao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1558-2","article-title":"The impact of economic recessions on depression and individual and social well-being: the case of Spain (2006-2013)","volume":"53","author":"Chaves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatr. Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.2.310","article-title":"Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis","volume":"98","author":"Cohen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0395-3","article-title":"Development of reserves over the life course and onset of vulnerability in later life","volume":"2","author":"Cullati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-006-0051-5","article-title":"Negative life events, social support and gender difference in depression: a multinational community survey with data from the ODIN study","volume":"41","author":"Dalgard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatr. Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-012-9334-6","article-title":"How do educational attainment and occupational and wage-earner statuses affect life satisfaction? A gender perspective study","volume":"14","author":"Del Salinas-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib14","series-title":"After the Fall of the Wall: Life Courses in the Transformation of East Germany","author":"Diewald","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2005.01.004","article-title":"The causal effect of income on health: evidence from German reunification","volume":"24","author":"Frijters","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib16","first-page":"43","article-title":"Fragebogen zur sozialen Unterst\u00fctzung (F-SozU): Normierung der Kurzform (K-14)","volume":"18","author":"Fydrich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Z. Med. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2005.12.027","article-title":"Dispositional optimism and the risk of depressive symptoms during 15 years of follow-up: the Zutphen elderly study","volume":"91","author":"Giltay","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1026\/0943-8149.16.1.26","article-title":"Die deutsche Version des Life-Orientation-Tests (LOT-R) zum dispositionellen Optimismus und Pessimismus","volume":"16","author":"Glaesmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Z. f\u00fcr Gesundheitspsychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8287.2011.02046.x","article-title":"Psychometric properties and population-based norms of the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R)","volume":"17","author":"Glaesmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Health Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123117","article-title":"A systematic review on health resilience to economic crises","volume":"10","author":"Glonti","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib21","first-page":"3","article-title":"H\u00f6hepunkt der Einkommensungleichheit in Deutschland \u00fcberschritten?","volume":"79","author":"Grabka","year":"2012","journal-title":"DIW Wochenbericht"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10680-017-9455-z","article-title":"Health convergence between East and West Germany as reflected in long-term cause-specific mortality trends: to what extent was it due to reunification?","volume":"33","author":"Grigoriev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Popul."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.13109\/zptm.2023.69.3.218","article-title":"Nach-Wende-Ereignisse und deren Assoziation mit psychosozialer Gesundheit in einer nordostdeutschen Stichprobe","volume":"69","author":"Hahm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychosomatische Medizin Und Psychotherapie"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00218.x","article-title":"Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence","volume":"45","author":"Hardt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.3.513","article-title":"Conservation of resources. A new attempt at conceptualizing stress","volume":"44","author":"Hobfoll","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640","article-title":"Conservation of resources in the organizational context: the reality of resources and their consequences","volume":"5","author":"Hobfoll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011902","article-title":"Why social relationships are important for physical health: a systems approach to understanding and modifying risk and protection","volume":"69","author":"Holt-Lunstad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib29","author":"Jorgensen"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib30","first-page":"2087","article-title":"Optimism and psychological resilience in relation to depressive symptoms in university students: examining the mediating role of self-esteem","volume":"16","author":"Kapikiran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Educ. Sci. Theor. Pract."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(97)00044-0","article-title":"The relationship of income inequality to mortality: does the choice of indicator matter?","volume":"45","author":"Kawachi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1483782","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation and community norms of the PHQ-9, based on a representative German sample","volume":"15","author":"Kliem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-015-2282-7","article-title":"Arbeitslosigkeit und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit: Ein \u00dcberblick zum Forschungsstand und zu aktuellen Daten der Studien GEDA 2010 und GEDA 2012","volume":"59","author":"Kroll","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforsch. - Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib34","article-title":"Which is most important for mental health: money, poverty, or paid work? A fixed-effects analysis of the UK household longitudinal study","volume":"15","author":"Kromydas","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.10.778","article-title":"Life course epidemiology","volume":"57","author":"Kuh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib36","article-title":"Trends in gender differences in health at working ages among West and East Germans","volume":"7","author":"K\u00fchn","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"issue":"Spec No","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2307\/2626958","article-title":"Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease","volume":"35","author":"Link","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2019.10.004","article-title":"Mediating role of resilience in relationship between negative life events and depression among Chinese adolescents","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(03)00198-8","article-title":"Measuring depression outcome with a brief self-report instrument: sensitivity to change of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)","volume":"81","author":"L\u00f6we","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(92)90116-P","article-title":"Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli: a meta-analytic review","volume":"12","author":"Matt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2004.01.010","article-title":"Gender differences in stress and coping styles","volume":"37","author":"Matud","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pers. Indiv. Differ."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.090845","article-title":"What determines Self-Rated Health (SRH)? A cross-sectional study of SF-36 health domains in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort","volume":"65","author":"Mavaddat","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/0162-895X.00094","article-title":"After the fall of the wall: the impact of the transition on East German women","volume":"19","author":"Meyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Polit. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib44","series-title":"Das Gesundheitswesen: Gesundheitswesen (Bd. 79, Nummer 08\/09, S. 88)","article-title":"Arbeitslosigkeitserfahrung, soziale Unterst\u00fctzung und Depression \u2013 ergebnisse mit Daten der DEGS1-MH-Studie","author":"M\u00fcters","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2025.102107","article-title":"Long-term effects of soft and hard repression in the German Democratic Republic on depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms three decades after the peaceful transition in Germany","volume":"85","author":"Nussmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2009.01.001","article-title":"Unemployment impairs mental health: meta-analyses","volume":"74","author":"Paul","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0418-5","article-title":"Self-rated health: analysis of distances and transitions between response options","volume":"22","author":"Perneger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2024.100496","article-title":"Development and validation of a brief three-item form of the perceived social support questionnaire (F-SozU K-3)","volume":"24","author":"Petersen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health psychol.: IJCHP"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib49","article-title":"Determinanten von Erwerbschancen und Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko im ostdeutschen Transformationsproze\u00df. Ergebnisse bivariater und multivariater Auswertungen des Arbeitsmarkt-Monitors 1989 bis 1994","volume":"30","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mitteilungen aus der Arbeitsmarkt-und Berufsforschung"},{"issue":"1_Suppl. l","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510383498","article-title":"Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: theory, evidence, and policy implications","volume":"51","author":"Phelan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/01650250344000406","article-title":"Human development in times of social change: theoretical considerations and research needs","volume":"28","author":"Pinquart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Dev."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib52","first-page":"3","article-title":"Armut durch Arbeitslosigkeit\u2014Sozialer Wandel und Verarmungsrisiken in den neuen Bundesl\u00e4ndern","author":"Priller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Besch\u00e4ftigungsobservatorium - Ostdeutschland: Arbeitsmarktentwicklungen und Arbeitsmarktpolitik in den neuen Bundesl\u00e4ndern"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309197","article-title":"Assessment of psychological resilience in a large cohort of the general population: validation and norm values of the RS-5","volume":"19","author":"Reinwarth","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib55","series-title":"Gewinne und Verluste Sozialen Wandels","first-page":"152","article-title":"Wendeerleben\u201c in seiner Beziehung zu Pers\u00f6nlichkeitsmerkmalen und Werthaltungen","author":"Roether","year":"1999"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib56","article-title":"That's a Lot to process! pitfalls of popular path models","volume":"5","author":"Rohrer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Methods Pract. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"Lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Software"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2011.00355.x","article-title":"Mediation analysis in social psychology: current practices and new recommendations","volume":"5","author":"Rucker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.049","article-title":"The association between social relationships and depression: a systematic review","volume":"175","author":"Santini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.03.028","article-title":"Neuroticism and extraversion as mediators between positive\/negative life events and resilience","volume":"82","author":"Sarubin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pers. Indiv. Differ."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000384","article-title":"Dispositional optimism and physical health: a long look back, a quick look forward","volume":"73","author":"Scheier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib62","series-title":"Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive goodness-of-fit Measures","author":"Schermelleh-Engel","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1","article-title":"Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies","volume":"20","author":"Schisterman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.103838","article-title":"The effect of re-employment on perceived health","volume":"65","author":"Schuring","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550619832023","article-title":"Optimism development across adulthood and associations with positive and negative life events","volume":"10","author":"Schwaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib66","series-title":"Gesellschaftlicher Umbruch als Kritisches Lebensereignis: Psychosoziale Krisenbew\u00e4ltigung von \u00dcbersiedlern und Ostdeutschen","author":"Schwarzer","year":"1994"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.10042","article-title":"The impact of the Russian transition on psychosocial resources and psychological distress","volume":"31","author":"Shteyn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Community Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v5.25338","article-title":"Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Southwick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib69","series-title":"Kein Ende mit der Wende?: Perspektiven aus Ost und West (Originalausgabe)","article-title":"Demografische Ver\u00e4nderungen in den neuen L\u00e4ndern zwischen 1989 und 2013: parallelisierung, Angleichung oder Differenzierung von Entwicklungen?","author":"St\u00f6bel-Richter","year":"2014"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v057.i12","article-title":"Building bivariate tables: the compareGroups package for R","volume":"57","author":"Subirana","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Stat. Software"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510395592","article-title":"Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health","volume":"52","author":"Thoits","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib72","series-title":"Adversity and Challenge in Life in the New Germany and in England","article-title":"Subjective experience of social change in individual development","author":"Trommsdorff","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib73","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research","first-page":"2451","article-title":"Gender role attitudes","author":"van der Horst","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-011-9861-2","article-title":"How friendship network characteristics influence subjective well-being","volume":"107","author":"van der Horst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.05.021","article-title":"Avoiding overadjustment bias in social epidemiology through appropriate covariate selection: a primer","volume":"149","author":"Van Zwieten","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-7283-1-25","article-title":"Validation and development of a shorter version of the resilience scale RS-11: results from the population-based KORA-age study","volume":"1","author":"von Eisenhart Rothe","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib77","first-page":"165","article-title":"Development and psychometric evaluation of the resilience scale","volume":"1","author":"Wagnild","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Meas."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002","article-title":"The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection","volume":"30","author":"Ware","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1086\/651257","article-title":"Reconsidering baron and kenny: myths and truths about mediation analysis","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Consum. Res."}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626007057?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626007057?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:08:24Z","timestamp":1792267704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953626007057"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["S0277953626007057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Retrospectively appraised life changes since the German reunification and health: gender-differentiated indirect associations via psychosocial resources","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119628","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119628"}}